American Antislavery 1820-1860 :: History African Americans Essays

American Antislavery 1820-1860 missing works cited The antebellum American antislavery movement began in the 1820s and was sustained over 4 decades by organizations, publications, and small acts of resistance that challenged the legally protected and powerful institution of slavery and the more insidious enemy of black equality, racism. Abolitionists were always a radical minority even in the free states of the North, and the movement was never comprised of a single group of people with unified motivations, goals, and methods. Rather, the movement was fraught with ambiguity over who its leaders would be, how they would go about fighting the institution of slavery, and what the future would be like for black Americans. Some of the persisting goals of antislavery activism were legal emancipation, aid to runaway slaves through vigilance groups and the Underground Railroad, civil rights for freed blacks in the north, and education, suffrage, and economic advancement for African-Americans. Perhaps the most unifying ideal of the anti-slavery movement was that the racial basis for American slavery could be undermined by promoting Christian values, education and economic progress among free blacks to show that they were capable of succeeding as individuals in an integrated American society. Richard Allen, leader of the A.M.E. church, stated the case for black progress as an answer to the justifications of slaveholders: â€Å"if we are lazy and idol, the enemies of freedom plead it as a cause why we ought not to be free.† In addition to the connection between abolition and economic and social progress, most abolitionists worked for the assurance of civil rights and legal protection for free blacks, who lived in an anomalous condition of â€Å"freedom† without citizenship and with constant threat of discrimination, violence, and abduction to be sold into slavery. There were some bitter conflicts over specific strategies. Though Garrison and most blacks favored immediate abolition, many whites continued to prefer or express willingness to settle for gradual emancipation. Violent resistance was at first rejected by many, again under the influence of Garrison, but David Walker’s appeal that violence should be used against slavery became more popular as blacks and abolitionists searched for an effective means of self-defense against mobs and pursuit of civil rights. Whether or not individuals worked within the political framework of the constitution to effect change again depended on allegiance to Garrison, and in general the early antislavery activists preferred moral arguments while later leaders were more willing to use political means.

A Prospective Cross Sectional Study Health And Social Care Essay

The importance in measuring the acceptableness to users of a Picture Archiving and Communication System in the infirmary connotes advancement by supplying quality images with good satisfaction than utilizing movie. In trauma instances, this will give advantage to occupants in the appraisal as early diagnosing is necessary. Besides in the Ob-Gyne section medical clearance affecting chest skiagraphy so that contemplated surgical processs can be done. This statement is still non proven, therefore survey on the impact of PACS on clinician shall function the intent. In our scenes, up until December 2011, determinations at the exigency room that rely on the skiagraphy entailed some waiting clip as what normally happens in film-based skiagraphy. The debut of PACS promises to alter this scenario in favor of quicker image handiness movie developing is omitted in the procedure. Quicker handiness of the radiogram due to the presence of networked computing machine system of sharing the digital images.AimDATA SUBSTRATESOPERATIONALLY DEFINED VARIABLESAnalysisTo find the impact of filmless imaging on the frequence with which physicians entree radiology images.Data assemblage sheetFrequency of the entree of doctor to radiology imagesQuantitative variable like frequence shall be analyzed utilizing mean and standard divergence.To measure clinician perceptual experience of image handiness with the usage of Picture Archiving and Communication System ( PACS ) .Data assemblage sheetPercept of clinician on image handinessQualitative variable will be analysing uti lizing proportion.Relationship of Research Objectives, Data Substrate, Operationally Defined Variables and Data AnalyIntroductionI. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:Filmless imagination is a construct which has changed health care. Picture Archiving and Communication Systems ( PACS ) are described as the â€Å" centralised depository for all imagination informations and diagnostic images ( eg, x-rays, CT scans, MRI scans ) and radiology studies electronically to clinicians at the point-of-care, contradicting the demand for a film-base.1 Diagnostic imagination is a cardinal constituent of information impacting the attention a patient receives. Picture Archive and Communication Systems ( PACS ) are comprehensive webs of digital devices designed for acquisition, transmittal, storage, show, and direction of diagnostic imagination surveies. The construct of a digital image communicating and show system was devised in the 1970s, with the initial conference on PACS designs launched in 1982 ( Huang , 1999, 2003 ) . The U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command installed the i ¬?rst large-scale PACS in the United States called the medical diagnostic imaging support system in 1992 ( Smith et al. , 1995 ) .2 Over the last 30 old ages PACS been developed for the intent of making more efficient and effectual health care. The construct of PACS was originally developed to better efficiency non merely in the radiology sections but besides in other sections like the exigency room. A figure of surveies have been conducted to find if PACS achieves its ends of bettering efficiency and effectivity within wellness systems. These surveies focus on its impacts on work flow, functions, patient results, and costs, with variable decisions. 3 Digital skiagraphy, this is the first movie free X ray imaging system in Mindanao. DDH ( Davao Doctors Hospital ) upgraded to CR ( Computed Radiography ) and implemented PACS ( Picture Archiving and Communication System ) for all imaging modes ( CT, MRI, Ultrasound, and Radiography ) . In trauma instances, this will give advantage to occupants in the appraisal as early diagnosing is necessary. Besides in the Ob-Gyne section medical clearance affecting chest skiagraphy so that contemplated surgical processs can be done. In this survey, the occupants will give their appraisal on how PACS give impact to their work patterns in the exigency section in bettering clinical decision-making, and easing more efficient patient attention processes.II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREA Although the construct of image archiving and communications systems ( PACS ) was developed in Europe during the latter portion of the 1970s, no working system was completed at that clip. The first PACS executions took topographic point in the United States in the early 1980s, e.g. at Pennsylvania University, UCLA, and Kansas City University. Some more or less successful PACS developments besides took topographic point in Europe in the 1980s, peculiarly in the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Scandinavia, and Germany.4 PACS was expected to revolutionise and streamline the bringing of health care, helping communicating between radiotherapists and clinicians, bettering clinical decision-making, and easing more efficient patient attention processes. A In the USA 76 % of infirmaries reported utilizing PACS in 2008, A and in England and Scotland a national roll-out of PACS has been completed with the balance of UK infirmaries implementing it by 2012.A With the integrating of PACS into a figure of medical units outside radiology, the exigency section is one clinical country where PACS has the possible to significantly alter work patterns. The exigency section is a ‘complex ‘ and ‘data-rich environment'A where clinicians continuously multi-task and utilize multiple information beginnings in order to supply optimal attention for critically sick patients. Images are built-in to patient attention, A with high volumes of imaging surveies conducted daily.A Rapid entree to these to back up decision-making can be of important importance. With the potency for imaging consequences to impact dramatically on a patient ‘s attention, the ED provides a good scene to measure how PACS can impact on and take to innovation in clinical work practices.5 In 2010, a survey done by I.M. Hains et Al assessed the grounds of PACS impact on ICU clinicians through a systematic literature reappraisal of 11 ( 11 ) English linguistic communication publications in the USA and UK. The survey revealed a positive impact potency for PACS on clinician ICU work patterns and patient attention. The survey besides showed that PACS elicits positive impact potency on efficiency of work patterns, work associated with clinical determination devising and communicating patterns. PACS engineering offers wellness attention providers the possible for long-run cost nest eggs in radiology services by extinguishing the disbursal of movie processing and storage, among other things. Quick image handiness with PACS in SPMC will do it easier for radiotherapists to pull off patient test work flow and will assist surgical occupants in the early diagnosing and intervention for injury instances. Political action committee in the infirmary connotes advancement by supplying quality images with good satisfaction than utilizing movie.III. RESEARCH QuestionWhat is the impact of PACS on surgical occupant ‘s direction of ER patients?IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYImproves more timely patient attention and allowing clinicians to do determinations more rapidly.V. OBJECTIVESTo measure the impact of image file awaying and communicating systems ( PACS ) as perceived by the surgical occupants at the exigency section. To find benefits, disadvantages and jobs of PACS as perceived by ER surgical occupants.VI. METHODOLOGYStudy Design: Prospective Cross-sectional Survey Puting: The survey shall take topographic point in Southern Philippines Medical Center – Emergency Department, Bajada, Davao City, from May-June 2013 Independent variables: Age, sex, section Dependent variables: 1 ) continuance of ER rotary motion ; 2 ) impact of PACS on surgical occupant ‘s appraisal ; 3 ) surgical occupant ‘s perceptual experience of image handinessParticipantsInclusion Standards: Surgical occupants at ER Department Exclusion Standards: Surgical Residents who refuse to give informed consent.VII. Sampling CRITERIAA convenient sampling of surgical occupants falling under inclusion standards with consent shall be included for research.IX. DATA GATHERING/METHOD:Data will be gathered utilizing a questionnaire adapted from The Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital J.R PILLING.6 The questionnaire makes usage of a five-point Likert graduated table to measure surgical occupants ‘ positions on quality of images. There where besides three unfastened ended inquiries included to arouse responses on occupants perceived advantage, disadvantages and jobs with the usage of PACS. The questionnaire uses a combination of responses to statements and inquiries, graduated from 1 to 6, and some chances for free sentiment. Those who give informed consent will reply the questionnaire for about 5-7 proceedingss. All the information that will be used in this survey will be collected by the research worker, Dr. Leil ani Ching. Surgical occupants will be interviewed at their most convenient clip.Ten. SAMPLE SIZE COMPUTATIONThe survey topics ( aim population ) of this research are all surgical occupants who use PACS in measuring trauma instances in the Emergency Department. Hence, no sample size calculation will be used.Eleven. DATA HANDLING ANALYSISData for this survey will be analyzed and gathered utilizing Epi-info version 7. The uninterrupted variables will be summarized utilizing mean and standard divergence while impact and perceptual experience will be summarized utilizing frequence and per centum.Twelve. DEFINITION OF TERMS1. Impact- The step of both the tangibleA andA intangibleA effects and influences of the Picture Archiving and Communication Systems upon the surgical occupants utilizing it. Questions that ask about the utility and image quality of PACS ( Question no. 1-6 ) will be analysed to measure impact. 2. Perception- TheA processA by which surgical residentsA perceives and buttockss image and informations handiness when utilizing the Picture Archiving and Communication Systems. Questions that ask about participant ‘s point of views ( Question no. 7-10 ) will be analysed to measure perceptual experience.Thirteen. Ethical ConsiderationPrior to enlisting in the plan, the consent of the participant must be obtained.Ethical motives ReviewThe advocates of the survey will procure an blessing from the Cluster Ethics Research Committee of The Southern Philippines Medical Center prior to making the research.Informed Consent: FormA written consent is obtained from the possible participants who will be invited to reply the study questionnaire.Informed Consent: SignerThe signature of the participant should look in the consent signifier.Informed Consent: WitnessNo informant will be required in order for the informed consent to be adhering.Informed Consent: Proxy ConsentThere will be no pro xy consent aside from that of the participant will be allowed.Informed Consent: ProcedurePrior to subscribing the consent signifier, the possible participants are informed about the survey principle and aims.Informed Consent: Timing and VenueThe informed consent will be taken prior to the disposal of the questionnaire. It will be done in Southern Philippines Medical Center after office hours.Disclosure of Study Objectives, Risks, Benefits and ProceduresThe participants will be informed of the survey aims and what is expected of them. They will besides be told that there are no hazards involved in the survey and that there will be no direct benefits to them as survey participants.Renumeration, Reimbursement and Other BenefitsNo renumeration or reimbursement will be given to the participants.ConfidentialityThe research workers will non unwrap the individualities of the participants at any clip. Merely the chief advocate of the survey has the personal information of the participants.In vestigator ‘s DutyIt is the research worker ‘s duty to guarantee the confidentiality of any information obtained during the research.Specimens ManagingN/AVoluntarinessThe participants have the right to decline to take part in the survey.Alternate OptionsIf participants decide non to take part in the survey, their determination will be respected and will non impact their employment or their regular public presentation rating.PrivacyParticipants will non be contacted by any agencies after they have answered the questionnaire.Information on Study ResultsThe participants will hold entree to their informations. After the information has been analyzed, the overall consequences will besides be made known to the participants.Extent of Use of Study DataAt present there are no intended programs to utilize the informations aside from the aims stated in the protocol.Authorship and ContributorshipThe chief research worker is the chief writer of the survey.Conflicts of InterestThe chi ef research worker and co-author declares no struggle of involvement.PublicationThe research may be submitted for national and/or international publication.FundingThe chief advocate of the survey is utilizing personal financess to carry on the survey.Duplicate Copy of the Informed Consent FormA duplicate transcript of the informed consent signifier will be provided to the participants of the survey. Extra transcripts can be made on petition.Questions and Concerns Sing the SurveyThe participants will be encouraged by the chief research worker to voice out concerns about their engagement in the survey.Contact DetailssThe participants of the survey will be provided with the cellular telephone figure of the chief research worker. The chief research worker is besides available for inquiries, remarks and concerns about the survey.

Enrichment For Academic Integrity It Is An Epidemic That...

Enrichment for Academic Integrity It is an epidemic that has spread across academia. It is a serious problem that can be cured if the appropriate procedures are in place in order to prevent it. The disease has a name. It is referred to as â€Å"Plagiarism† and applies to academic integrity standards including the policies at Monroe Community College (MCC). Monroe Community College defines Plagiarism as, â€Å"offering the work of someone else as one’s own. The language or ideas thus taken from another person or source may range from isolated formulas, sentences, or paragraphs, speeches, or the writings of other students† (Monroecc.edu). The purpose of this paper is to reveal how Monroe Community College deals with the issue of academic integrity†¦show more content†¦An article by McBurney for The Association for Psychological Science shares many strategies for college and university instructors. McBurney first advises that teachers prevent plagiarism thr ough communicating policies of cheating with students. He reveals that the college he works for requires that all instructors state their policy on cheating in the class syllabus. McBurney cites, â€Å"Believe it or not, students have argued that they should not be punished for cheating because they were never told they could not do it. State clearly when students may cooperate and when they must work independently† (McBurney). Included in McBurney’s report are suggestions for professors to avoid potential conflict with students by letting them know that you â€Å"Respect them and expect the very best from them† (McBurney). He further advises that students be taught what plagiarism is so that they will be able to avoid it. Finally, McBurney suggests that writing assignments be structured in a way that plagiarizing is impossible to do. â€Å"Several weeks before the final paper is due ask the students for a statement of their topic. Next ask for a preliminary li st of references that they intend to consult. Then have them turn in a tentative outline. Your guidelines should suggest that they keep

Essay on Smoking Cessation Methods - 1225 Words

Tobacco addiction contributes to approximately 438,000 deaths in the United States each year2, with smoking cigarettes constituting one of the most common preventable causes of death, on report asserts3. Tobacco use kills five million people a year worldwide, another source stresses4. Quitting smoking, or at least reduction, for instance, could greatly reduce the occurrence of coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease.1,5 These diseases that can be prevented or reduced include heart attack, stroke, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, coronary artery spasm, and cardiac arrhythmia.1 Quitting smoking, albeit, proves to be difficult to most smokers2. Right after a person starts to quit†¦show more content†¦include two nicotine patches, nicotine gum and nicotine lozenges. In addition to over the counter products, a smoker wanting to quit smoking may obtain nicotine nasal spray, inhaler (Zyban) and the recently approved nicotine-free tab let (CHANTIX) by prescription.5,12,13 CHANTIX CHANTIX asserts that its program includes a support plan with a steady, step-by-step approach designed to help the smoker quit smoking.14 â€Å"CHANTIX has been proven to help people quit†,1,8 CHANTIX proclaims. Some of the ways CHANTIX reported differs from other quit-smoking products reportedly include: ïÆ'Ëœ In studies, 44% of CHANTIX users were quit during weeks 9 to 12 of treatment (vs 18% on sugar pill). ïÆ'Ëœ CHANTIX is a non-nicotine pill. ïÆ'Ëœ CHANTIX can reduce the urge to smoke. ïÆ'Ëœ It comes with GETQUITâ„ ¢, a support plan created just for CHANTIX users and designed to help you think and act like a quitter.1,8,14,15 As prescribed drugs to help smokers quit smoking include side effects, as with other types of medication, the â€Å"patient† needs to follow his/her doctors orders and use the prescribed smoking cessation product as prescribed; adhering to labeling directives. The drug CHANTIX (varenicline), for instance, which works on nicotine receptors in the brain and decreases the craving for smoking,1 reports a number of potential side effects.16―19 Some haveShow MoreRelatedQuitting Addictive Smoking : Smoking1713 Words   |  7 PagesAddictive Smoking Tobacco is causing one death in every six seconds and will reach to eight million deaths annually in the world, by 2030 (albawaba). That was the fact that my doctor stated to me when I visited him to get the thorough checkup because I was having trouble in breathing and trouble in sleeping. I got shocked by listening to this fact, but I could not relate that fact to my life until the doctor told me that these health issues of mine are the result of my addictive smoking. My doctorRead MoreChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( Copd )1396 Words   |  6 Pagesworld. Because smoking is the main cause of COPD, abstinence from smoking manages it. 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Annually, tobacco use results in nearly 500,000 deaths, and is one of the primary causes of avoidable morbidity and mortality in society.1 Healthcare professionals such as physicians can make a positive impact on the rates of tobacco use cessation among patient smokers by using proper counseling.2 Physicians have been trained to make such interventions during scheduled appointment with p atients by using the 5 A’s approach, which involves asking patients about tobacco use during each visitRead MoreNegative Effects Of Smoking1719 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Smoking causes 1,300 deaths daily in the U.S., and an estimated 5.6 million pre-mature deaths is expected among American youths18 years and younger due to a smoking-related illness if smoking continues at the current rate (CDC, 2017). According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), there are currently 40 million adult smokers in the U.S. (CDC, 2017), and 763,960 of these residents are from Massachusetts (DPH, 2014). Smoking can cause various kinds of cancer such as those of the cervixRead MoreSmoking and Health Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesCommunity Health Nurses are aware that tobacco use is the world’s leading single avoidable cause of death. Many major diseases are caused by cigarette smoking including different types of cancers. If the current trends of tobacco use in the United States continues, it is estimated that five million people under the age of 18 will die prematurely from a smoking related disease. Studies also show that maternal tobacco use is associated with mental retardation and some birth defects in the new born babiesRead MoreStudy Design And Methods Of Health Care Providers Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesStudy design and methods This was a cross-sectional survey of health care providers working in public health facilities in Kiambu County. Kiambu County, one of the 47 counties in Kenya, is located in the central part of Kenya. 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It has been linked to increasing the risk of most types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and stroke.1 It is the leading cause of lung cancer, which is the number one cause of death today in the United States.1 It can cause respiratory problems such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchitis, and emphysema.1 Smoking is not recommended during pregnancy and can cause problems with a developing fetus.1 It can cause problems with a person’s

Characteristics Of Respondents During Ict Utilization

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Characteristics of Respondents This sub-section presents the description and discussion of the characteristics of respondents. Respondents were asked to state their social-economic characteristics such as sex, age, education, years of their research experience, employment status and their research area of specialization. Results indicates that 60.94%(39) were males agriculture researchers and 39.06%(25) were females which shows that males are more dominant in agriculture research activities than females .65.62%(42) had age distribution ranging from 21-40 years with majority of them having completed MSc. Degrees i.e 45.31%(29) as the highest level of education which indicates a high level of literacy among†¦show more content†¦Age in years 21-40 42 65.62 41-50 13 20.31 51-60 6 9.38 60 3 4.69 3. Highest Level of Education completed Diploma 6 9.38 Bachelors 21 32.81 Masters 29 45.31 Phd 8 12.50 4.Years of Research experience 1-7 32 50.00 8-14 19 29.69 15-21 6 9.38 22-30 6 9.38 30 1 1.56 5.Employment Status Permanent 40 62.50 Contract 19 29.69 Visiting 5 7.81 4.2 Agriculture research activities conducted in Tanzania Table 5 shows different agriculture research activities conducted in the selected ARIs in Tanzania. Results indicates that researchers are confined in farming system and extension with 50.57%(32) followed by crop and soil science management with 39.68(25) and food science technology with38.10%(23).This results is the justification of the National Agriculture Policy (2013) goals and other public-private partnership initiatives by the Government of Tanzania which aim to enhance crop productivity and profitability in a sustainable manner in order to ensure food security and poverty reduction. In addition, results also indicate that Tanzania through ARIs is committed to strengthen pest and disease surveillance as well as to provide system and control mechanisms in agriculture activities (URT, 2013). However, the results show that ARIs are diversified into different areas of agriculture research activities in order to complement their major mandate which were established to undertake. Table 5: Research Activities conducted by Researchers in Tanzania

Political party in france Free Essays

General Introduction The Parties have become a major player In politics In the late nineteenth century. The functioning of political regimes is deeply committed to the existence of these political parties that did not exist in the eighteenth century and were still embryonic in the early nineteenth century. In the totalitarian, one-party organizing manipulation. We will write a custom essay sample on Political party in france or any similar topic only for you Order Now This explains the importance of parties in this type of regime. The importance of parties is also true In pluralist democracies because there Is a democratic competition : intention between political parties that compete for the conquest of Institutions and power. As the parties have a monopoly of electoral offer, they effectively control all elected offices, this means that the party has a virtual monopoly on the selection of leaders. For all these reasons, if we want to understand how liberal democracies work, one must understand how a political party works. What is a political party? A political party is an organized association that brings together citizens united by a common Ideology or philosophy, which she seeks fulfillment , with the goal of inquest and exercise of power. This Is an organization In the service of an Idea. The political environment is not the same everywhere. It may give a different country to another characteristic of a locality to another. These characteristics result in particular the diversity of political parties, but also systems of parties that are not uniform. In France, the role of political parties has been enshrined in the Constitution of 1 958 (art. 4), which since 1999 also gives their mission Is to promote equal access for women and men to electoral mandates and elective functions. Law f 11 March 1988 on the financing of political parties said they form and pursue their activities freely, they are endowed with legal personality and can take legal action. ) The French political system can often seem bewildering and difficult to f ollow. Compared to Britain or the ASSAI, France seems to have a plethora of political parties. Politicians, supposedly of the political right, may be heard defending positions more often held by political parties of the left in many other countries, and In recent French history, a good proportion of the economic liberation’s that has taken place In France has been pushed through by governments of the left. ‘-Type of political parties In a country, political parties are not all identical. Several factors can help to distinguish the number and quality of members, voting, discipline or schools of thought. Depending on each element, we will have several types of parties. The most common distinction In political science remains that which Is established by Maurice Diverge between Mass Party and Cadre Party. We must therefore distinguish different types of parties: A- The Cadre Party The Cadre Party was born in the nineteenth century. The Cadre Party it’s a parties they are parties of notables (resulting in a first time, the bourgeoisie or aristocracy) and traditionally are right or center. Example: the Radical Party in France. The first parties were historically Cadre Parties. It was Initially parliamentary groups together the reputation, prestige, and sometimes money. All these parties remain poorly structured. The authority is exercised within the party executive is both personal and decentralized. It normally operates at the district and national bodies cadre parties are little more than the Juxtaposition of local influences. B- The Mass Party The Mass Party was born in the early twentieth century with the development of Socialism and Communism. Their goal is the transformation of society and the creation of a new social order. For this, they rely on a structured and hierarchical organization and a large number of members and ensuring financial autonomy and supervision of party voters ; Example: the Socialist Party in France Unlike Cadre Parties, which are created spontaneously, Mass Parties were the result of a conscious . Notable party executives are reluctant to defend extreme positions, specially if they are contrary to their interest. These considerations explain the emergence in the late nineteenth century Mass Parties and the fact that the first of them were socialist parties. Two objectives necessitate the creation of a Mass Party: compensation by the number of low social influence of the proletariat and educational purposes. The operation of the Mass Party rigorously apply democratic principles. Members are similar to the electorate. They elect delegates to the congress who meet regularly and take the most important decisions: adoption and amendment of the statutes, election management bodies. How to cite Political party in france, Papers

Finite Element Method Fuse Protection Design-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Finite Element Method Fuse Protection Design? Answer: Introducation 1A. There are many kinds of documents that are used in a business organization. These documents could include spreadsheets, databases, letters, memorandums, faxes, brochures, handouts to the employees, flyers, display materials, reports, project reports, sales reports, annual reports, prospectuses, policies, procedures, financial statements, invoices, bills, orders, tables, newsletters, agendas, minutes and circulars. The documents are based on the type of activities, the tasks and the activities creates the needs for documentation. For example, if in the organization there is need to inform the employees regarding a particular meeting that is going to be held in a particular day, then there will be need for drafting notices, memorandums or circulars for the employees, similarly there is requirement for drafting sales report and project reports. When new employees join any organization, many documentation formalities are done, the new employees are given joining letter, employee hand outs that consists of code and conduct of the organization and other documents related to the policies of the organization (Mihai-Adrian et al. 2017). The information technology of an organization helps a lot in designing of the documents and their products. Presently almost all the organizations use computer technology for designing of all the important documents, like the notices, circulars, memorandums, there are many softwares that help in designing documents for business organization. Templates are available online which makes it easier for document designing and production, format of business letters, notices, circulars and the format of all organization related documents are available online. Printers and fax machines are used for taking out the hard copies of the designed documents. Xerox machines are used to make the photocopies of the documents that are to be circulated amongst the employees. Scanners are used to convert the hard copies of the documents into soft copies which can be further circulated through electronic mails. Organizations have to make their logos and business cards. Document design and format depends on the type of activity for which the document is to be designed, for legal documents, generally a different kind of papers are used for designing legal documents, papers with rubber stamps are used for drafting agreements, contracts and all the other documents that have legal significance. All the documents are required to have the logo of the organization, with the stamp and signature of the Managing Director of the organization. According to the current trend Darwin Information Typing Architecture a model of XML data which is used for writing, DITA will be ruling the documentation sector even in the future. Other tools that are anticipated to be used in the future that will help the writers in creating and archiving documents in .XML format to PDF/DOC/ other praser format so that the documents can be presented whenever and in whatsoever way required. Future customers might want documents to be customized. The writers affect the user experience because of the user interface and the user design (Mihai-Adrian et al. 2017). Five types of documents required for business organizations are Business plan is a very important document that the business owner is required to write, the documents contains the goals, objectives, management plan, marketing strategies and the financial budget. Business plan also includes strategic goals of the organization. This document is drafted in the beginning when the organization is being set up, for the first five years, this document acts as the blueprint for the business operations (Wilson 2014). According to the format of business plan, it consist of executive summary, which is the snapshot of the business plan, it represents the company profile and the goals of the business. Next element is company description, which provides information about the business, the unique features that the business provides in the industry that differentiates it from other businesses. Market analysis report is included in the business plan, market analysis and research is done before the business is started and a report of market analysis is included in the business plan. Organization and management related information, information regarding the service and the product line of the organization, strategies and information related to the marketing and the sales of the business. If any funding is raised from outside, the business plan should include the funding request information. Financial projections are very important for raining funds and this should be included in the draft of business plan. The last part of the business plan is Appendix, it is used for including additional information like, resumes, permits and leases (Wilson 2014). Accounting Documents Another important document for any business are the accounting documents, accounting documents keeps records of all the transactions of the business organizations, purchases, sales, income and expenses all are recorded on daily basis. Accountants provides bills to the customers, they make monthly budgets for the various departments of the company, the accountants write the annual financial reports for the investors and shareholders of the company. Financial budgets, reports are generally long but the invoices are not that much long (Wilson 2014). Business reports Business reports are other business documents, which are of 10 to 100 pages, it can be the annual sales report, annual budget reports and update reports of the marketing department which is made on monthly basis (Thill and Bove 2013). Customer service documents Companies selling services includes certain documents like, warranty related documents, user manual for the customers, that includes information regarding the application method of the product (Thill and Bove 2013). Operational document Operational documents are basically information that are written on daily, weekly and monthly basis, meeting minutes, project proposals about the internal and external activities that business must carryout, are some of the examples of operational documents (Thill and Bove 2013). No I do not agree that Organizational information, budget, resources and technology requirements are not needed to be focused while setting up the standards for documents used in the organization, because all these information and factors are required, they form the basis for establishing the standards that are required for the business. All these details will be required to set the standards, documentation differs and depends on the audience it has been drafted for and the event for which documentation is done (Wilson 2014). The three documents that have been created from a standard documents are Business letters Business letters have a standard format, or can be said that the business letters have standard template, the elements of the template contains heading, date, subject, salutation, body and closing section. Business letters are used for a variety of purposes, it can be written to the customers as a reply to their queries, it can be sent to the suppliers for the supply related queries. Business letters are formal type of letters that are used in an organization for the purpose of communication (Tsun and Nikfarjam 2014). Notices also used standard format, the template of notices contain heading, notices do not have salutation, address is not required in the notices the most important part of the Notice is the heading, it should be designed in a way so that it can successfully draw attention of the employees or the people for whom the notice has been designed. Notices are mostly printed in the paper and placed in the notice board of any organization (Thill and Bove 2013). Brochures are informative papers that are used by any organization for providing information related to the organization or any product related information, in educational organizations brochures are used for providing information about the institute and also have important rules and regulations. Brochures are standard document that are used to provide information to the customers mostly. Brochures are single fold, bi-fold or it be designed with multiple folds as per the requirement of the information, the length of the information (Springer, Cham. May and May 2014). Yes, each of the elements fulfills the objective they are designed for. They design used for the documents is very appropriate, the objective of the message is clear from the subject section itself, the body of the notices and business letters clarifies the message more clearly. The body part provide the information about the reason for the message or the document (Sen et al. 2014). Business letter for the customers Our company has decided to open an online portal for our customers to book taxis online. Based on the research we conducted, surveys and feedbacks from our customers we came to know that customers are finding it very difficult to books taxis, some of our customers also suggested that online portal will be a very suitable solution for this problem. Based on the suggestions we have created our online portal, where the customers can go and book taxis online, they can enter their location and the taxi will pick them from their location and drop them to their desired location. A processing charge will be charged on all the bookings that will amount to $10. I would like to inform all our customers about the new facility of online website and invite them to use this service be benefited by the service by just paying $12 processing charge. The documents that will be used for providing training to the junior employees will be Brochures are documents that are used to provide information; the brochures for the training program will be made to provide the information related to the training that will be conducted. The employees will use it will be easy for them to get help for their training (Mihai-Adrian et al. 2017). Training Agenda Next document that will be used for the training will be the training agendas that will consist of the entire training schedule. Things that will be taught to the employees, according to the days. It will also consist matters that will be included in the training (Li et al. 2014). Feedback form Feedback forms are the most important documents that are provided to the trainees after the completion of training program to know the extent to which the training program was effective. It helps the trainer know the effectiveness of the training program and get suggestions about changes that could be made to make the training program more effective. It is basically the review of the trainees which can be used in the future training programs (Kroetsch et al. 2015). For testing the template that the employee has created first the format of the template is to be seen, format of any business template is very important, in case of legal firms, the templates usually contains names of the certain rules or regulations sometimes quoted clauses of any piece of regulation is mentioned. It is very important to check that the article no. of the piece of regulations mentioned is correct, the clauses are correctly mentioned. After checking the clauses and the regulations it is very important to check that the legal terms are appropriately used, because each of the legal terms have their own legal definitions, wrong use of the terms often changes the meaning of the sentence and often create problem (James, Lazdunski and Pattus 2013). The template for production of notice for appearance on behalf of the defendant, which was drafted by you. The draft was good and you have followed the format correctly. The format that was followed was good but I would like to mention that it was not exactly the standard format that we use for legal matters. The template lacked few thing that were supposed to be mentioned. It seemed very simple and the purpose was not clear in the draft. The rules should have been written in a more clear way so that it can be understood. So the template require some changes, the brief details of the case can be mentioned in the template and the date of appearance is missing that also needs to be mentioned. Kindly draft the template according to the review and the missing elements mentioned. Meeting agenda and minutes Meeting agenda is required to mention the issues that will be discussed in the meeting, the order of the discussions and the time taken for each of the subjects to be mentioned and discussed in the meeting. Meeting agenda focuses on the reason for which the meeting is conducted, the agenda should be simple, clear and well timed. Meeting agenda provides structure to the meeting. Generally, the meeting agenda is in the hardcopy format and is distributed among the participants of the meeting, in some cases the brief notice is mailed to the participants of the meeting, but the agenda is mostly in hard copy format. The meeting agenda is sometimes discussed orally or through digital presentation, the purpose is to make the participant of the meeting prepare beforehand about the meeting. A meeting agenda can be in form of soft copy using Microsoft word document and can be distributed through e-mails, or a hard copy of the meeting agenda can be made and it can be distributed to the members o f the meeting before the start of the meeting (Ionescu 2014). Meeting minutes Meeting minutes are basically the discussions and the activities of the meeting, unlike the meeting agenda the meeting minutes are drafted simultaneously with the meeting, in this every details of the meeting are mentioned, it includes the result of the meeting discussion and what were the conclusions of the meeting. Meeting minutes are either made on computers or written on notepads. (Hughes, Champion and Murdoch 2015). The three advanced technological function or application software used for document document design and production are Desktop publishing In desktop publishing, computer applications, digital graphics and multimedia formatting is used to make electronic documents. Digital pages can be created by desktop publishing, which can only be seen electronically. Virtual pages can also be created through desktop publishing, which can be transferred electronically. Desktop publishing is used to create a standard quality documents, which contains both text as well as graphics which is formatted for single page publication. It is used to make printed documents such as book covers, brochures, and fliers for advertisements. In an organization, desktop publishing is used for making brochures, fliers, pamphlets that contains product related information. Word processor Another computer program that is used for document design is word processor, it gives the users not just the text editing tools like WordPad program which is a part of Microsofts Windows OS. It was created to be used as text building programs, which are much simpler for using from the text editor, it is not just a text editor. Wang is the initial user of this, which popularized the workstation system designed for the secretaries and other staffs in the employees who has to create business letters and other important documents of the organization. Spreadsheet Spreadsheet in an organization is used for showing accounting and other data in rows and columns. Spreadsheets are computer application that is used for physical stimulation of spreadsheets through the capturing, displaying and manipulation of the data, which are arranged in rows and columns. Spreadsheets are one of the most common applications of personal computers. The data holding spaces in spreadsheets are termed as cells, based on the placement of the cells they are In order to identify the macro virus there are certain symptoms that needs to be identified: The computer will run a slower speed than it runs normally. The computer will ask for passwords for those files that does not require passwords. The documents are saved in the computer in the form of template files. Error messages will appear on the computer (Hughes and Foley 2014). Ways to resolve the problem of Macro virus Macro virus can be removed with the help of professional checking or it can be also checked manually by choosing ToolsMacro and then the resulting list of macros can be compared with the list that was created initially. Like all the other viruses and malwares, prevention is the best method for checking the viruses, which can be done by, updating the security system on regular basis so that it can be guard against the new viruses, updating the computer system for protection. Digital signature should be used so to identify sources of items to be downloaded so that one gets to know what they are downloading and running a program is not a risk. Good antivirus should be used so to ensure that computer is safe from all kinds of risk (Gardner 2013). Macro viruses are found in the within the documents or can be found as malicious codes in the word processing applications, they come in to the personal computers through the attached documents in emails, the code can be downloaded. The code can be downloaded after a click on phishing link, in online advertising that uses banners ads of the URLs. It is very difficult to be identified, because they are not operative until a default macro is on run in in the time they do a series of commands (Fan and Fujimoto 2017). Note 1 explanatory note for new employees PK Multispecialty hospital has created a reputation of being one of the finest hospitals in the city. The hospital operates in many fields, including, cardiology, neurology, pediatrics, gastronomy and many more. It operates in the areas like oncology as well. Patient service is the utmost priority of the staff members of our hospital. The staff members are required to be present timely on the hospital premises. The new staff members are required to go through the code and conduct of the hospital. They are required to be follow all the rules and regulations. The hospital has a reputation and the employees are expected to maintain that reputation of the organization. Staff members are required to follow the dress code and become neat and clean to the hospital premises. If the staff members are ill they are suggested to take leave, especially in case of viral diseases. Explanatory notes for old employees All the staff members are expected to be extra careful to the needs and requirements of the staffs. All the staffs are required to maintain hygiene, they should wear the uniform, masks, labcoat, masks, gloves when they are inside the wards. Staff members should be polite to the patients and pay attention to their problems. All the staffs are expected to maintain a professional relation with the patients. The employees are required to strictly adhere to the rules and regulations of the hospital and follow the methods that are set by the hospital. Food and medicines will be provided to the patients timely. All the employees show make sure that they have done their duties and at the end of the day they are required to make sure that they have checked they have done all the duties they were assigned. Desktop publishing In desktop publishing, computer applications, digital graphics and multimedia formatting is used to make electronic documents. Digital pages can be created by desktop publishing, which can only be seen electronically. Virtual pages can also be created through desktop publishing, which can be transferred electronically. Desktop publishing is used to create a standard quality documents, which contains both text as well as graphics which is formatted for single page publication. It is used to make printed documents such as book covers, brochures, and fliers for advertisements. In an organization, desktop publishing is used for making brochures, fliers, pamphlets that contains product related information (Drucker 2014). Another computer program that is used for document design is word processor, it gives the users not just the text editing tools like WordPad program which is a part of Microsofts Windows OS. It was created to be used as text building programs, which are much simpler for using from the text editor, it is not just a text editor. Wang is the initial user of this, which popularized the workstation system designed for the secretaries and other staffs in the employees who has to create business letters and other important documents of the organization (Clarke et al. 2014). Spreadsheets- Spreadsheet in an organization is used for showing accounting and other data in rows and columns. Spreadsheets are computer application that is used for physical stimulation of spreadsheets through the capturing, displaying and manipulation of the data, which are arranged in rows and columns. Spreadsheets are one of the most common applications of personal computers. The data holding spaces in spreadsheets are termed as cells, based on the placement of the cells they are labeled. Mostly the spreadsheets are designed in a way that they can hold numbers, or short texts. It also helps in showing the relationships of the data graphically (Allen 2016). The presentation will be done based on the level of knowledge of the trainees, presentation will be made interesting so that the trainees don not find the presentation boring and lose interest in the presentation, that not help in meeting the needs of the training program. Only the relevant information will be included in the training. The name of the document would be Standard documentation Procedure which will be designed for the JK Sporting club. Standard Documentation Procedure All the documents will follow a standard format that is used for that particular document. Before the document are circulated it will be review by the senior manager who will be handling the document drafting. The personnel will check that the documents have followed the standard used for official purposes. All the documents will be saved for future purposes and will have multiple copies all saved in different locations of the computer. The document will be circulated through e-mails. The master copy of the document will be saved in computer files in which all the necessary The document will be called as guidelines used for mentoring the standards of documentation the document will be circulated through the help of emails, printouts of the document will also be taken out and distributed among the employees. The master document will be stored safely in the computers so that it can be further used as record (Bangert-Drowns 2014). The copies of the templates and the macros will be as per the requirement of the document. There was a regular review conducted regarding the use of the Macros and templates that are used by the employees in the organization and it is very concerning matter that the format that is used by the employees for creating business letters, brochures and notices are most of the times wrongly drafted. Many times there are minor mistakes but many times there are major mistakes that often creates problems for the audience to whom the business letters are addressed. Rest other things are properly incorporated in the report only the format of the templates and the macros that are used should be corrected. It has been noted the format that was provided by me to the employees are not correctly used and hence there are many issues related to the templates and macros designs. Yes, I agree that once the documents have been drafted aacording to the standard, there is no requirement for continuously reviewing it, because it would be wastage of time and money. The standard documentation procedure will itself be the guideline for good quality document. If the standard procedure is correct and as per the organizational requirement there would be no need for reviewing repeatedly. However, there has to be personnel who will check all the document has fulfilled all the requirements, just once. References Allen, A., 2016. Excel: Excel Mastering Book Learn Excel, Macros, Shortcuts, and Accounting. Allen, W.T. and Kraakman, R., 2016.Commentaries and cases on the law of business organization. Wolters Kluwer law business. Argenti, P.A., 2015.Corporate communication. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Bangert-Drowns, R.L., 1993. 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