Essay on Smoking Cessation Methods - 1225 Words

Tobacco addiction contributes to approximately 438,000 deaths in the United States each year2, with smoking cigarettes constituting one of the most common preventable causes of death, on report asserts3. Tobacco use kills five million people a year worldwide, another source stresses4. Quitting smoking, or at least reduction, for instance, could greatly reduce the occurrence of coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease.1,5 These diseases that can be prevented or reduced include heart attack, stroke, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, coronary artery spasm, and cardiac arrhythmia.1 Quitting smoking, albeit, proves to be difficult to most smokers2. Right after a person starts to quit†¦show more content†¦include two nicotine patches, nicotine gum and nicotine lozenges. In addition to over the counter products, a smoker wanting to quit smoking may obtain nicotine nasal spray, inhaler (Zyban) and the recently approved nicotine-free tab let (CHANTIX) by prescription.5,12,13 CHANTIX CHANTIX asserts that its program includes a support plan with a steady, step-by-step approach designed to help the smoker quit smoking.14 â€Å"CHANTIX has been proven to help people quit†,1,8 CHANTIX proclaims. Some of the ways CHANTIX reported differs from other quit-smoking products reportedly include: ïÆ'Ëœ In studies, 44% of CHANTIX users were quit during weeks 9 to 12 of treatment (vs 18% on sugar pill). ïÆ'Ëœ CHANTIX is a non-nicotine pill. ïÆ'Ëœ CHANTIX can reduce the urge to smoke. ïÆ'Ëœ It comes with GETQUITâ„ ¢, a support plan created just for CHANTIX users and designed to help you think and act like a quitter.1,8,14,15 As prescribed drugs to help smokers quit smoking include side effects, as with other types of medication, the â€Å"patient† needs to follow his/her doctors orders and use the prescribed smoking cessation product as prescribed; adhering to labeling directives. The drug CHANTIX (varenicline), for instance, which works on nicotine receptors in the brain and decreases the craving for smoking,1 reports a number of potential side effects.16―19 Some haveShow MoreRelatedQuitting Addictive Smoking : Smoking1713 Words   |  7 PagesAddictive Smoking Tobacco is causing one death in every six seconds and will reach to eight million deaths annually in the world, by 2030 (albawaba). That was the fact that my doctor stated to me when I visited him to get the thorough checkup because I was having trouble in breathing and trouble in sleeping. I got shocked by listening to this fact, but I could not relate that fact to my life until the doctor told me that these health issues of mine are the result of my addictive smoking. My doctorRead MoreChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( Copd )1396 Words   |  6 Pagesworld. Because smoking is the main cause of COPD, abstinence from smoking manages it. Medical researchers have conducted novel research to observe the effectiveness of smoking cessation on COPD patients, while some have summarized and analyzed previous research to recommend involvement of nurses in intervention programs. The main aim of research in this field is to measure the severity of the disease and analyze the possible eff ective ways of reducing the harsh effects of smoking in COPD patientsRead MoreEar Acupressure For Smoking Cessation1421 Words   |  6 PagesEar Acupressure for Smoking Cessation Smoking is a prevalent problem throughout the United States. It is an addiction and it can be very challenging for individuals to quit. However, through medication and nonpharmacological treatments smoking cessation is possible. One nonpharmacological method that has been researched is using ear acupressure. This paper will discuss the research article Ear Acupressure for Smoking Cessation: A Randomized Controlled Trial and how it relates to a hospital patientRead MoreIn the United States, great efforts have been made to reduce morbidity and mortality from tobacco800 Words   |  4 Pagesslowed. Annually, tobacco use results in nearly 500,000 deaths, and is one of the primary causes of avoidable morbidity and mortality in society.1 Healthcare professionals such as physicians can make a positive impact on the rates of tobacco use cessation among patient smokers by using proper counseling.2 Physicians have been trained to make such interventions during scheduled appointment with p atients by using the 5 A’s approach, which involves asking patients about tobacco use during each visitRead MoreNegative Effects Of Smoking1719 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Smoking causes 1,300 deaths daily in the U.S., and an estimated 5.6 million pre-mature deaths is expected among American youths18 years and younger due to a smoking-related illness if smoking continues at the current rate (CDC, 2017). According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), there are currently 40 million adult smokers in the U.S. (CDC, 2017), and 763,960 of these residents are from Massachusetts (DPH, 2014). Smoking can cause various kinds of cancer such as those of the cervixRead MoreSmoking and Health Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesCommunity Health Nurses are aware that tobacco use is the world’s leading single avoidable cause of death. Many major diseases are caused by cigarette smoking including different types of cancers. If the current trends of tobacco use in the United States continues, it is estimated that five million people under the age of 18 will die prematurely from a smoking related disease. Studies also show that maternal tobacco use is associated with mental retardation and some birth defects in the new born babiesRead MoreStudy Design And Methods Of Health Care Providers Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesStudy design and methods This was a cross-sectional survey of health care providers working in public health facilities in Kiambu County. Kiambu County, one of the 47 counties in Kenya, is located in the central part of Kenya. Central Kenya was identified as the region with the highest prevalence of smokers in Kenya in the 2008/2009 Kenya Demographic Health Survey[14]. Study participants The study included participants from five health professional groups namely: nurses, medical officers, dentistsRead MoreHealth Issue : Adolescent Tobacco Cessation1319 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Issue: Adolescent Tobacco Cessation Consider how you would evaluate your program relative to each of the components. Linnan and Steckler (2002) describe the following key process evaluation components: Context-aspects of the larger social environment that may affect implementation; Reach-the proportion of the intended audience to whom the program is actually delivered; Dose-delivered-The amount of intended units of each program component that is delivered; Dose-received-the extent to whichRead MoreThe Effects Of Smoking On A Person s Health803 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking causes an overall decline in a person’s health. It has been linked to increasing the risk of most types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and stroke.1 It is the leading cause of lung cancer, which is the number one cause of death today in the United States.1 It can cause respiratory problems such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchitis, and emphysema.1 Smoking is not recommended during pregnancy and can cause problems with a developing fetus.1 It can cause problems with a person’s

Characteristics Of Respondents During Ict Utilization

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Characteristics of Respondents This sub-section presents the description and discussion of the characteristics of respondents. Respondents were asked to state their social-economic characteristics such as sex, age, education, years of their research experience, employment status and their research area of specialization. Results indicates that 60.94%(39) were males agriculture researchers and 39.06%(25) were females which shows that males are more dominant in agriculture research activities than females .65.62%(42) had age distribution ranging from 21-40 years with majority of them having completed MSc. Degrees i.e 45.31%(29) as the highest level of education which indicates a high level of literacy among†¦show more content†¦Age in years 21-40 42 65.62 41-50 13 20.31 51-60 6 9.38 60 3 4.69 3. Highest Level of Education completed Diploma 6 9.38 Bachelors 21 32.81 Masters 29 45.31 Phd 8 12.50 4.Years of Research experience 1-7 32 50.00 8-14 19 29.69 15-21 6 9.38 22-30 6 9.38 30 1 1.56 5.Employment Status Permanent 40 62.50 Contract 19 29.69 Visiting 5 7.81 4.2 Agriculture research activities conducted in Tanzania Table 5 shows different agriculture research activities conducted in the selected ARIs in Tanzania. Results indicates that researchers are confined in farming system and extension with 50.57%(32) followed by crop and soil science management with 39.68(25) and food science technology with38.10%(23).This results is the justification of the National Agriculture Policy (2013) goals and other public-private partnership initiatives by the Government of Tanzania which aim to enhance crop productivity and profitability in a sustainable manner in order to ensure food security and poverty reduction. In addition, results also indicate that Tanzania through ARIs is committed to strengthen pest and disease surveillance as well as to provide system and control mechanisms in agriculture activities (URT, 2013). However, the results show that ARIs are diversified into different areas of agriculture research activities in order to complement their major mandate which were established to undertake. Table 5: Research Activities conducted by Researchers in Tanzania

Political party in france Free Essays

General Introduction The Parties have become a major player In politics In the late nineteenth century. The functioning of political regimes is deeply committed to the existence of these political parties that did not exist in the eighteenth century and were still embryonic in the early nineteenth century. In the totalitarian, one-party organizing manipulation. We will write a custom essay sample on Political party in france or any similar topic only for you Order Now This explains the importance of parties in this type of regime. The importance of parties is also true In pluralist democracies because there Is a democratic competition : intention between political parties that compete for the conquest of Institutions and power. As the parties have a monopoly of electoral offer, they effectively control all elected offices, this means that the party has a virtual monopoly on the selection of leaders. For all these reasons, if we want to understand how liberal democracies work, one must understand how a political party works. What is a political party? A political party is an organized association that brings together citizens united by a common Ideology or philosophy, which she seeks fulfillment , with the goal of inquest and exercise of power. This Is an organization In the service of an Idea. The political environment is not the same everywhere. It may give a different country to another characteristic of a locality to another. These characteristics result in particular the diversity of political parties, but also systems of parties that are not uniform. In France, the role of political parties has been enshrined in the Constitution of 1 958 (art. 4), which since 1999 also gives their mission Is to promote equal access for women and men to electoral mandates and elective functions. Law f 11 March 1988 on the financing of political parties said they form and pursue their activities freely, they are endowed with legal personality and can take legal action. ) The French political system can often seem bewildering and difficult to f ollow. Compared to Britain or the ASSAI, France seems to have a plethora of political parties. Politicians, supposedly of the political right, may be heard defending positions more often held by political parties of the left in many other countries, and In recent French history, a good proportion of the economic liberation’s that has taken place In France has been pushed through by governments of the left. ‘-Type of political parties In a country, political parties are not all identical. Several factors can help to distinguish the number and quality of members, voting, discipline or schools of thought. Depending on each element, we will have several types of parties. The most common distinction In political science remains that which Is established by Maurice Diverge between Mass Party and Cadre Party. We must therefore distinguish different types of parties: A- The Cadre Party The Cadre Party was born in the nineteenth century. The Cadre Party it’s a parties they are parties of notables (resulting in a first time, the bourgeoisie or aristocracy) and traditionally are right or center. Example: the Radical Party in France. The first parties were historically Cadre Parties. It was Initially parliamentary groups together the reputation, prestige, and sometimes money. All these parties remain poorly structured. The authority is exercised within the party executive is both personal and decentralized. It normally operates at the district and national bodies cadre parties are little more than the Juxtaposition of local influences. B- The Mass Party The Mass Party was born in the early twentieth century with the development of Socialism and Communism. Their goal is the transformation of society and the creation of a new social order. For this, they rely on a structured and hierarchical organization and a large number of members and ensuring financial autonomy and supervision of party voters ; Example: the Socialist Party in France Unlike Cadre Parties, which are created spontaneously, Mass Parties were the result of a conscious . Notable party executives are reluctant to defend extreme positions, specially if they are contrary to their interest. These considerations explain the emergence in the late nineteenth century Mass Parties and the fact that the first of them were socialist parties. Two objectives necessitate the creation of a Mass Party: compensation by the number of low social influence of the proletariat and educational purposes. The operation of the Mass Party rigorously apply democratic principles. Members are similar to the electorate. They elect delegates to the congress who meet regularly and take the most important decisions: adoption and amendment of the statutes, election management bodies. How to cite Political party in france, Papers

Finite Element Method Fuse Protection Design-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Finite Element Method Fuse Protection Design? Answer: Introducation 1A. There are many kinds of documents that are used in a business organization. These documents could include spreadsheets, databases, letters, memorandums, faxes, brochures, handouts to the employees, flyers, display materials, reports, project reports, sales reports, annual reports, prospectuses, policies, procedures, financial statements, invoices, bills, orders, tables, newsletters, agendas, minutes and circulars. The documents are based on the type of activities, the tasks and the activities creates the needs for documentation. For example, if in the organization there is need to inform the employees regarding a particular meeting that is going to be held in a particular day, then there will be need for drafting notices, memorandums or circulars for the employees, similarly there is requirement for drafting sales report and project reports. When new employees join any organization, many documentation formalities are done, the new employees are given joining letter, employee hand outs that consists of code and conduct of the organization and other documents related to the policies of the organization (Mihai-Adrian et al. 2017). The information technology of an organization helps a lot in designing of the documents and their products. Presently almost all the organizations use computer technology for designing of all the important documents, like the notices, circulars, memorandums, there are many softwares that help in designing documents for business organization. Templates are available online which makes it easier for document designing and production, format of business letters, notices, circulars and the format of all organization related documents are available online. Printers and fax machines are used for taking out the hard copies of the designed documents. Xerox machines are used to make the photocopies of the documents that are to be circulated amongst the employees. Scanners are used to convert the hard copies of the documents into soft copies which can be further circulated through electronic mails. Organizations have to make their logos and business cards. Document design and format depends on the type of activity for which the document is to be designed, for legal documents, generally a different kind of papers are used for designing legal documents, papers with rubber stamps are used for drafting agreements, contracts and all the other documents that have legal significance. All the documents are required to have the logo of the organization, with the stamp and signature of the Managing Director of the organization. According to the current trend Darwin Information Typing Architecture a model of XML data which is used for writing, DITA will be ruling the documentation sector even in the future. Other tools that are anticipated to be used in the future that will help the writers in creating and archiving documents in .XML format to PDF/DOC/ other praser format so that the documents can be presented whenever and in whatsoever way required. Future customers might want documents to be customized. The writers affect the user experience because of the user interface and the user design (Mihai-Adrian et al. 2017). Five types of documents required for business organizations are Business plan is a very important document that the business owner is required to write, the documents contains the goals, objectives, management plan, marketing strategies and the financial budget. Business plan also includes strategic goals of the organization. This document is drafted in the beginning when the organization is being set up, for the first five years, this document acts as the blueprint for the business operations (Wilson 2014). According to the format of business plan, it consist of executive summary, which is the snapshot of the business plan, it represents the company profile and the goals of the business. Next element is company description, which provides information about the business, the unique features that the business provides in the industry that differentiates it from other businesses. Market analysis report is included in the business plan, market analysis and research is done before the business is started and a report of market analysis is included in the business plan. Organization and management related information, information regarding the service and the product line of the organization, strategies and information related to the marketing and the sales of the business. If any funding is raised from outside, the business plan should include the funding request information. Financial projections are very important for raining funds and this should be included in the draft of business plan. The last part of the business plan is Appendix, it is used for including additional information like, resumes, permits and leases (Wilson 2014). Accounting Documents Another important document for any business are the accounting documents, accounting documents keeps records of all the transactions of the business organizations, purchases, sales, income and expenses all are recorded on daily basis. Accountants provides bills to the customers, they make monthly budgets for the various departments of the company, the accountants write the annual financial reports for the investors and shareholders of the company. Financial budgets, reports are generally long but the invoices are not that much long (Wilson 2014). Business reports Business reports are other business documents, which are of 10 to 100 pages, it can be the annual sales report, annual budget reports and update reports of the marketing department which is made on monthly basis (Thill and Bove 2013). Customer service documents Companies selling services includes certain documents like, warranty related documents, user manual for the customers, that includes information regarding the application method of the product (Thill and Bove 2013). Operational document Operational documents are basically information that are written on daily, weekly and monthly basis, meeting minutes, project proposals about the internal and external activities that business must carryout, are some of the examples of operational documents (Thill and Bove 2013). No I do not agree that Organizational information, budget, resources and technology requirements are not needed to be focused while setting up the standards for documents used in the organization, because all these information and factors are required, they form the basis for establishing the standards that are required for the business. All these details will be required to set the standards, documentation differs and depends on the audience it has been drafted for and the event for which documentation is done (Wilson 2014). The three documents that have been created from a standard documents are Business letters Business letters have a standard format, or can be said that the business letters have standard template, the elements of the template contains heading, date, subject, salutation, body and closing section. Business letters are used for a variety of purposes, it can be written to the customers as a reply to their queries, it can be sent to the suppliers for the supply related queries. Business letters are formal type of letters that are used in an organization for the purpose of communication (Tsun and Nikfarjam 2014). Notices also used standard format, the template of notices contain heading, notices do not have salutation, address is not required in the notices the most important part of the Notice is the heading, it should be designed in a way so that it can successfully draw attention of the employees or the people for whom the notice has been designed. Notices are mostly printed in the paper and placed in the notice board of any organization (Thill and Bove 2013). Brochures are informative papers that are used by any organization for providing information related to the organization or any product related information, in educational organizations brochures are used for providing information about the institute and also have important rules and regulations. Brochures are standard document that are used to provide information to the customers mostly. Brochures are single fold, bi-fold or it be designed with multiple folds as per the requirement of the information, the length of the information (Springer, Cham. May and May 2014). Yes, each of the elements fulfills the objective they are designed for. They design used for the documents is very appropriate, the objective of the message is clear from the subject section itself, the body of the notices and business letters clarifies the message more clearly. The body part provide the information about the reason for the message or the document (Sen et al. 2014). Business letter for the customers Our company has decided to open an online portal for our customers to book taxis online. Based on the research we conducted, surveys and feedbacks from our customers we came to know that customers are finding it very difficult to books taxis, some of our customers also suggested that online portal will be a very suitable solution for this problem. Based on the suggestions we have created our online portal, where the customers can go and book taxis online, they can enter their location and the taxi will pick them from their location and drop them to their desired location. A processing charge will be charged on all the bookings that will amount to $10. I would like to inform all our customers about the new facility of online website and invite them to use this service be benefited by the service by just paying $12 processing charge. The documents that will be used for providing training to the junior employees will be Brochures are documents that are used to provide information; the brochures for the training program will be made to provide the information related to the training that will be conducted. The employees will use it will be easy for them to get help for their training (Mihai-Adrian et al. 2017). Training Agenda Next document that will be used for the training will be the training agendas that will consist of the entire training schedule. Things that will be taught to the employees, according to the days. It will also consist matters that will be included in the training (Li et al. 2014). Feedback form Feedback forms are the most important documents that are provided to the trainees after the completion of training program to know the extent to which the training program was effective. It helps the trainer know the effectiveness of the training program and get suggestions about changes that could be made to make the training program more effective. It is basically the review of the trainees which can be used in the future training programs (Kroetsch et al. 2015). For testing the template that the employee has created first the format of the template is to be seen, format of any business template is very important, in case of legal firms, the templates usually contains names of the certain rules or regulations sometimes quoted clauses of any piece of regulation is mentioned. It is very important to check that the article no. of the piece of regulations mentioned is correct, the clauses are correctly mentioned. After checking the clauses and the regulations it is very important to check that the legal terms are appropriately used, because each of the legal terms have their own legal definitions, wrong use of the terms often changes the meaning of the sentence and often create problem (James, Lazdunski and Pattus 2013). The template for production of notice for appearance on behalf of the defendant, which was drafted by you. The draft was good and you have followed the format correctly. The format that was followed was good but I would like to mention that it was not exactly the standard format that we use for legal matters. The template lacked few thing that were supposed to be mentioned. It seemed very simple and the purpose was not clear in the draft. The rules should have been written in a more clear way so that it can be understood. So the template require some changes, the brief details of the case can be mentioned in the template and the date of appearance is missing that also needs to be mentioned. Kindly draft the template according to the review and the missing elements mentioned. Meeting agenda and minutes Meeting agenda is required to mention the issues that will be discussed in the meeting, the order of the discussions and the time taken for each of the subjects to be mentioned and discussed in the meeting. Meeting agenda focuses on the reason for which the meeting is conducted, the agenda should be simple, clear and well timed. Meeting agenda provides structure to the meeting. Generally, the meeting agenda is in the hardcopy format and is distributed among the participants of the meeting, in some cases the brief notice is mailed to the participants of the meeting, but the agenda is mostly in hard copy format. The meeting agenda is sometimes discussed orally or through digital presentation, the purpose is to make the participant of the meeting prepare beforehand about the meeting. A meeting agenda can be in form of soft copy using Microsoft word document and can be distributed through e-mails, or a hard copy of the meeting agenda can be made and it can be distributed to the members o f the meeting before the start of the meeting (Ionescu 2014). Meeting minutes Meeting minutes are basically the discussions and the activities of the meeting, unlike the meeting agenda the meeting minutes are drafted simultaneously with the meeting, in this every details of the meeting are mentioned, it includes the result of the meeting discussion and what were the conclusions of the meeting. Meeting minutes are either made on computers or written on notepads. (Hughes, Champion and Murdoch 2015). The three advanced technological function or application software used for document document design and production are Desktop publishing In desktop publishing, computer applications, digital graphics and multimedia formatting is used to make electronic documents. Digital pages can be created by desktop publishing, which can only be seen electronically. Virtual pages can also be created through desktop publishing, which can be transferred electronically. Desktop publishing is used to create a standard quality documents, which contains both text as well as graphics which is formatted for single page publication. It is used to make printed documents such as book covers, brochures, and fliers for advertisements. In an organization, desktop publishing is used for making brochures, fliers, pamphlets that contains product related information. Word processor Another computer program that is used for document design is word processor, it gives the users not just the text editing tools like WordPad program which is a part of Microsofts Windows OS. It was created to be used as text building programs, which are much simpler for using from the text editor, it is not just a text editor. Wang is the initial user of this, which popularized the workstation system designed for the secretaries and other staffs in the employees who has to create business letters and other important documents of the organization. Spreadsheet Spreadsheet in an organization is used for showing accounting and other data in rows and columns. Spreadsheets are computer application that is used for physical stimulation of spreadsheets through the capturing, displaying and manipulation of the data, which are arranged in rows and columns. Spreadsheets are one of the most common applications of personal computers. The data holding spaces in spreadsheets are termed as cells, based on the placement of the cells they are In order to identify the macro virus there are certain symptoms that needs to be identified: The computer will run a slower speed than it runs normally. The computer will ask for passwords for those files that does not require passwords. The documents are saved in the computer in the form of template files. Error messages will appear on the computer (Hughes and Foley 2014). Ways to resolve the problem of Macro virus Macro virus can be removed with the help of professional checking or it can be also checked manually by choosing ToolsMacro and then the resulting list of macros can be compared with the list that was created initially. Like all the other viruses and malwares, prevention is the best method for checking the viruses, which can be done by, updating the security system on regular basis so that it can be guard against the new viruses, updating the computer system for protection. Digital signature should be used so to identify sources of items to be downloaded so that one gets to know what they are downloading and running a program is not a risk. Good antivirus should be used so to ensure that computer is safe from all kinds of risk (Gardner 2013). Macro viruses are found in the within the documents or can be found as malicious codes in the word processing applications, they come in to the personal computers through the attached documents in emails, the code can be downloaded. The code can be downloaded after a click on phishing link, in online advertising that uses banners ads of the URLs. It is very difficult to be identified, because they are not operative until a default macro is on run in in the time they do a series of commands (Fan and Fujimoto 2017). Note 1 explanatory note for new employees PK Multispecialty hospital has created a reputation of being one of the finest hospitals in the city. The hospital operates in many fields, including, cardiology, neurology, pediatrics, gastronomy and many more. It operates in the areas like oncology as well. Patient service is the utmost priority of the staff members of our hospital. The staff members are required to be present timely on the hospital premises. The new staff members are required to go through the code and conduct of the hospital. They are required to be follow all the rules and regulations. The hospital has a reputation and the employees are expected to maintain that reputation of the organization. Staff members are required to follow the dress code and become neat and clean to the hospital premises. If the staff members are ill they are suggested to take leave, especially in case of viral diseases. Explanatory notes for old employees All the staff members are expected to be extra careful to the needs and requirements of the staffs. All the staffs are required to maintain hygiene, they should wear the uniform, masks, labcoat, masks, gloves when they are inside the wards. Staff members should be polite to the patients and pay attention to their problems. All the staffs are expected to maintain a professional relation with the patients. The employees are required to strictly adhere to the rules and regulations of the hospital and follow the methods that are set by the hospital. Food and medicines will be provided to the patients timely. All the employees show make sure that they have done their duties and at the end of the day they are required to make sure that they have checked they have done all the duties they were assigned. Desktop publishing In desktop publishing, computer applications, digital graphics and multimedia formatting is used to make electronic documents. Digital pages can be created by desktop publishing, which can only be seen electronically. Virtual pages can also be created through desktop publishing, which can be transferred electronically. Desktop publishing is used to create a standard quality documents, which contains both text as well as graphics which is formatted for single page publication. It is used to make printed documents such as book covers, brochures, and fliers for advertisements. In an organization, desktop publishing is used for making brochures, fliers, pamphlets that contains product related information (Drucker 2014). Another computer program that is used for document design is word processor, it gives the users not just the text editing tools like WordPad program which is a part of Microsofts Windows OS. It was created to be used as text building programs, which are much simpler for using from the text editor, it is not just a text editor. Wang is the initial user of this, which popularized the workstation system designed for the secretaries and other staffs in the employees who has to create business letters and other important documents of the organization (Clarke et al. 2014). Spreadsheets- Spreadsheet in an organization is used for showing accounting and other data in rows and columns. Spreadsheets are computer application that is used for physical stimulation of spreadsheets through the capturing, displaying and manipulation of the data, which are arranged in rows and columns. Spreadsheets are one of the most common applications of personal computers. The data holding spaces in spreadsheets are termed as cells, based on the placement of the cells they are labeled. Mostly the spreadsheets are designed in a way that they can hold numbers, or short texts. It also helps in showing the relationships of the data graphically (Allen 2016). The presentation will be done based on the level of knowledge of the trainees, presentation will be made interesting so that the trainees don not find the presentation boring and lose interest in the presentation, that not help in meeting the needs of the training program. Only the relevant information will be included in the training. The name of the document would be Standard documentation Procedure which will be designed for the JK Sporting club. Standard Documentation Procedure All the documents will follow a standard format that is used for that particular document. Before the document are circulated it will be review by the senior manager who will be handling the document drafting. The personnel will check that the documents have followed the standard used for official purposes. All the documents will be saved for future purposes and will have multiple copies all saved in different locations of the computer. The document will be circulated through e-mails. The master copy of the document will be saved in computer files in which all the necessary The document will be called as guidelines used for mentoring the standards of documentation the document will be circulated through the help of emails, printouts of the document will also be taken out and distributed among the employees. The master document will be stored safely in the computers so that it can be further used as record (Bangert-Drowns 2014). The copies of the templates and the macros will be as per the requirement of the document. There was a regular review conducted regarding the use of the Macros and templates that are used by the employees in the organization and it is very concerning matter that the format that is used by the employees for creating business letters, brochures and notices are most of the times wrongly drafted. Many times there are minor mistakes but many times there are major mistakes that often creates problems for the audience to whom the business letters are addressed. Rest other things are properly incorporated in the report only the format of the templates and the macros that are used should be corrected. It has been noted the format that was provided by me to the employees are not correctly used and hence there are many issues related to the templates and macros designs. Yes, I agree that once the documents have been drafted aacording to the standard, there is no requirement for continuously reviewing it, because it would be wastage of time and money. The standard documentation procedure will itself be the guideline for good quality document. If the standard procedure is correct and as per the organizational requirement there would be no need for reviewing repeatedly. However, there has to be personnel who will check all the document has fulfilled all the requirements, just once. References Allen, A., 2016. Excel: Excel Mastering Book Learn Excel, Macros, Shortcuts, and Accounting. Allen, W.T. and Kraakman, R., 2016.Commentaries and cases on the law of business organization. Wolters Kluwer law business. Argenti, P.A., 2015.Corporate communication. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Bangert-Drowns, R.L., 1993. The word processor as an instructional tool: A meta-analysis of word processing in writing instruction.Review of Educational research,63(1), pp.69-93. Campbell, K.S., 2013.Coherence, continuity, and cohesion: Theoretical foundations for document design. Routledge. Cangemi, M.P., 2016. Views on Internal Audit, Internal Controls, and Internal Audits Use of Technology.EDPACS,53(1), pp.1-9. Catrinescu, E. and Fern, K., Microsoft Corporation, 2014.Electronic communication-based storage of documents to support multiple workflows. U.S. Patent Application 14/497,263. Clarke, J., Wicks, J., Lovell, L., Han, D. and Davis, J., 2014, May. USING COMPUTERS TO TEACH. InProceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Civil Engineering(Vol. 167, No. 5, pp. 41-48). Drucker, J., 2014.Graphesis: Visual forms of knowledge production. Harvard University Press. Fan, Z. and Fujimoto, T., 2017, July. Implementation of Document Production Support System with Obsession Mechanism. InInternational Conference on Computational Science/Intelligence Applied Informatics(pp. 51-64). Gardner, K., 2013. Student Assembly Board of Directors: Meeting Agendas Minutes. Hughes, J.F. and Foley, J.D., 2014.Computer graphics: principles and practice. Pearson Education. Hughes, W., Champion, R. and Murdoch, J., 2015.Construction contracts: law and management. Routledge. Ionescu, D., 2014. Written Business Communication across Cultures (Contrastive Aspects English-Italian).Lingua (Language Culture),13(2). James, R., Lazdunski, C. and Pattus, F. eds., 2013.Bacteriocins, microcins and lantibiotics(Vol. 65). Springer Science Business Media. Kroetsch, C.M., Louis, A.S., Zadunayski, R., Wiese, J., Kelly, A.P., Germann, E.A.L. and Adopted, A., 2015. MINUTES OF THE REGULAR MEETING OF THE COUNCIL FOR WESTLOCK COUNTY HELD IN THE COUNCIL CHAMBERS AT THE LOCAL ADMINISTRATION BUILDING IN WESTLOCK ON TUESDAY, AUGUST 25, 2015.Reading,106, p.16. Li, S., Song, Z., Zhang, M., Xu, L., Li, J., Fu, P., Wang, M. and Dong, L., 2014. Finite Element Method Applied to Fuse Protection Design.Plasma Science and Technology,16(3), pp.294-299. Masterson, J., De Souza, J., Waddoups, N., Simpson Jr, R.L., Palmer, M.B., Ma, J., Mihai-Adrian, B.S., Iulian, I., Constantin, B., Costin, D.D., Alexandru, L., Marian, C.A. and Costica, B., 2017. Improving safety in the workplace using checklists legal requirements.Calitatea,18(S1), p.31. Sen, L., Zhiquan, S.O.N.G., Ming, Z., Liuwei, X.U., Jinchao, L.I., Peng, F.U., Min, W. and Lin, D., 2014. Finite Element Method Applied to Fuse Protection Design.Plasma Science and Technology,16(3), p.294. Springer, Cham. May, C.B. and May, G.S., 2014.Effective writing: A handbook for accountants. Pearson Higher Ed. Thill, J.V. and Bove, C.L., 2013.Excellence in business communication. Pearson. Tsun, S. and Nikfarjam, J., Google Inc., 2014.Embedding macros in web pages with advertisements. U.S. Patent 8,769,397. Wilson, K., 2014. Microsoft office 365. InUsing Office 365(pp. 1-14). Apress.

Role of Personal and organizational values in Job Satisfaction

civil war and reconstuction essays

civil war and reconstuction essays Although some historians feel that the Civil War was a result of political blunders and that the issue of slavery did not cause the conflict, this interpretation fails to consider the two main causes of the war itself: the expansion of slavery, and its entrance into the political scene. By considering the personal opinions of people living in both the North and the South at the time of the war, as well as the political decisions made, one can understand the reasons behind the war, and then The revisionists believe that the issue of slavery was not a major cause of the war. Some argue that the war was caused by careless decisions made by politicians, who caused people to react with emotions that were out of proportion with the issues involved. Others feel that the slavery problem could have been solved without war. The problem with these theories is that the revisionists do not recognize slavery as the main difference between North and South. They also fail to realize that it was not simply political blunders that caused the war, but the discussion of slavery publicly among politicians. In his theory of the war, Michael Holt primarily considers the timing of the conflict. He feels that the breakdown in the two party system created a panic among citizens and that this panic erupted into war. The only problem with this theory is that it is not the citizens of a country who decide whether or not to go to war, it is the politicians. The reason that slavery could exist without war in the United States until 1861 was because up until that time there was always enough land to expand. It was when the amount of land available for expansion became scarce that the North and South began to feel friction as to who would control more states, free or slave. The South wanted more slave states, where the North wanted more free states, to give them more land and power in ...

Reading #1 Analaysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading #1 Analaysis - Assignment Example In the article, materiality was perceived to be effects power possesses along with its productive purpose. Therefore, under these assumptions, gender is impossible to understand neither as a body nor a particular sex. The article also indicated the â€Å"abject designates here precisely those ‘unbelievable qualities and ‘uninhabitable’ zones of social life which are nevertheless densely populated by those who do not enjoy the status of the subject but whose living under the sign of ‘unlivable† which is necessary and required to circumscribe a political leaders†. The final part of the paper ends with a series of questions which include â€Å"How an individual can separate him or herself from social blindness and perceive the body as a variation of materialization which is controlled by a series of regulating norms? After this separation, there is a need to assess the functioning of heterosexual hegemony during the formation of what the article perceives tp be a viable body†. The article also raised questions on the subject, such as how bodily formations are capable of attaining such a paradigm of abjected bodies and fields of deformation which are at ti mes not quantifiable as human. This article is an aim to try and compare the paradox that involve gender, the body and the parameters associated with the interrelation and combination of these two aspects. It can be established that the authors of the article are of the material aspect of the body and how is far much relevant than its regulating factors monitoring the materialization of bodies. One aspect that is also mentioned to some detail in the paper is permativity which is done to evaluate the processes such as a power of discourse that is reiterative in nature and creates phenomena which it is responsible for constraining and regulation. I agree with the views of the author in the sense that â€Å"sex† is not the constraint upon which gender is artificially

Social Enterprises Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social Enterprises - Assignment Example The report notes some of the most distinguishing features of a social enterprise that differentiate them from types of business, nonprofits and government agencies. First, they directly address special needs through their products and services by alleviating human sufferings from the disadvantaged society. As reports notes, it is different from the socially responsible business that strives for a positive change through indirect means such as funding education, building roads, using environmental -friendly raw materials and providing volunteers to aid the society. Furthermore, they are solid vehicles for job creation, economic growth and development in a community. Second, social enterprise use earned revenue strategies such as charitable contributions and public sector subsidies to pursue their aims and visions. The report further points out that social enterprises comprises of both non-profits who use business models to pursue their missions and for-profit who primary purpose is social in nature. The report however, refutes that social enterprise addresses the needs of the society directly, unlike social entrepreneurs. Some of the basic business models that social enterprise employ in their pursuit of their vision include retail, service and manufacturing that aid people alleviate and overcome employment barriers. They provide human and social services; fee-based consulting services; community development and financing

PUBLIC HEALTH AND COMMUNITY NURSING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

PUBLIC HEALTH AND COMMUNITY NURSING - Essay Example Of concern specially is smoking among adolescents which can contribute to several health problems and birth defects in babies born to pregnant women who smoke. Thus, the community selected for critical analysis of health needs in this essay is adolescent smokers. The extent of problem and the impact and effectiveness of public health in the primary care setting with reference to this community will be discussed through review of suitable literature. The Community According to the 2009 statistics, 29 percent of pupils have tried smoking atleast once and the prevalence of smoking in young people was 6 percent. Though this proportion is the lowest since the time the survey began in 1982, it continues to be a significant problem for both health authorities and public. The prevalence of smoking between 11-15 years old has been estimated to be 6 percent. The prevalence is more among girls (7 percent) when compared to boys (5 percent). Another important finding of the survey is that the pre valence of smoking increases with age. At 11 years of age, the prevalence is 0.5 percent and at 15 years of age it is 15 percent. Ethnicity has an influence on the prevalence. It is more common in White pupils when compared to Black of Mixed ethnicity pupils. It is also more prevalent in pupils coming from lower socioeconomic strata (Smith et al, 2009). According to the Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use survey of 2006 (NHS, 2007), nine percent of pupils in England are regular smokers and a further 5 percent are occasional smokers. The survey defined regular smokers as those smoking atleast one cigarette per week and occasional smokers as those smoking less than one cigarette a week. Pupils who smoked regularly smoked an average of 6 cigarettes a day, approximately 43.5 cigarettes a week. 74 percent of the regular smokers smoked cigarettes from a packet and 6 percent smoked from rolled tobaccos. Girls were more likely to smoke from a packet (NHS, 2007). Regular smoking in this age group has been associated with drug abuse, alcohol intake and truancy and school exclusion. The dependence of smoking by children is mainly related to the time they spend as regular smoker. Those who have smoked for more than a year as regular smokers have reported that they find it difficult to not smoke each day. However, more than 50 percent opined that they knew the ill effects of smoking and thus would like to give up. Most pupils knew that smoking caused lung cancer. But two-thirds of them reported that they felt relaxed because of smoking. Thus, the immediate benefits of smoking outweighed the future potential hazards of smoking. According to the survey, majority of pupils were aware of the fact that their families had negative attitude towards smoking. One third of the pupils who smoked did so secretly and occasional smokers were more likely to be secret smokers. Also, households of pupils who smoked were more lenient that those who did not smoke (NHS, 2007). Since most adult smo kers begin smoking at young age, it is every important to ascertain and understand the causes of smoking in young children so that predictors of smoking can be evaluated and targeted for prevention. Several risk factors have been studied in this regard. According to the Liverpool Longitudinal Smoking Study (Smith et al, 2009), deprivation at both school and home was strongly associated with smoking among adolescents. The trial of smoking is influenced by several school-related environmental factors

Overview Of Chomskys Theory English Language Essay

Overview Of Chomskys Theory English Language Essay Introduction: The question to consider is how children acquire language and at which stage they could improve their speaking and listening skills. In particular, syntax and vocabulary are the main concern of the language acquisition domain. The task of psycholinguistics is to discover the relationship between language and the human mind (Field: 2003). Many theories, therefore, have emerged in exploring this relationship, which seek to explain the way in which children understand and acquire language. Over the last five decades these theories have offered various ideas and interpretations of the relationship. For example, in Behaviourist theory, which is associated to skinners research into language, language acquisition is considered a collection of habits. It is thought that children learn how to form correct utterances through positive reinforcement from the people around them (Patten and Benati: 2010). Cognitive theory, which is associated with Piaget, is considered a way of discovering how ind ividuals create and use language in their social context (ibid, p71). Interaction theory, related to Bruner, holds that language comes from the interaction between children and their environment (ibid, p99). There are, however, two theories in the relevant acquisition literature which oppose one another and provoke countless debates: Chomskys theory and Tomasellos theory. In Chomskys theory, children biologically possess an innate ability to acquire their language. This ability is mainly specific to language. Whereas, in Tomasellos theory language is acquired through language use by means of social skills, such as, joint attention and general learning mechanisms (Behrene: 2009). This paper seeks to explore these two theories in order to contrast them. The first and second parts of the paper present an overview of the main ideas in the two theories. The third part focuses on their different aspects, including the: poverty of stimulus argument, linguistic creativity, modularity and language specific domain versus domain- general learning mechanisms. The fourth and final part, discusses some weak points in the two theories. Overview of Chomskys (Innatist) theory: In language acquisition domain, Chomskys theory is called an innatist theory, because he proposed that children biologically possess suitable abstract knowledge for the task of first language learning .This abstract knowledge shapes the linguistic system which they learn. In fact, through this innate knowledge children can discover the rules of their language system and reduce hypothesis formation and guessing. (Patten and Benati: 2010). Chomskys main argument is that all human beings are born with an innate knowledge which is particularly designed for language acquisition (ibid). This argument is indeed, opposed to the one that language is a result of the interaction between human beings and the environment or item-usage learning (e.g. Skinner, 1957; Tomasello, 2003). Furthermore, The term Language Acquisition Device (LAD) was coined by Chomsky in this context to refer to such innate knowledge or the little black box (Patten and Benati: 2010).The (LAD) comprises the universal princi ples of all languages, by which children can be kept on track and not confused by all the complex rules of particular languages. When this (LAD) is activated, the child can discover the structure of the language s/he is to learn by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical relationships to the structures of the special language in the environment (Lightbown and Spada: 1999). However, since the 1960s, instead of (LAD) universal grammar hypothesis (UG) was introduced by Chomsky. It was given much concern by him instead of, the (LAD), because, in Chomskys view this hypothesis means that there is an innate knowledge source which governs the shape of natural language (Patten and Benati: 2010). It should be noted that the first appearance of Chomskys theory was in 1959 in his critical review of Skinners book Verbal Behavior in 1957. Chomsky in his review pointed out many shortcomings in applying Skinners theories to language acquisition. For example, Skinners experiment using rat boxes is not relevant to language because the behaviour of rats is unlike human behaviour. As a result, Skinner has a mistaken understanding of the nature of language. Furthermore, the environment considered solely as learning mechanism can not be the basis of language acquisition and therefore, mans ability to acquire language must be innate (Aitchison, 2007). Overview of Tomasellos theory (usage-based theory): The account of language acquisition provided by Tomasello comes under the umbrella of usage-based theories. Recently, a new view of language and human linguistic competence has emerged (Tomasello: 2003). This view comes from a set of theories usually called cognitive-functional linguistics, and also called usage -based linguistics in order to emphasize their main ideas that language structure is produced or appears from language use (e.g. Langacker, 1987a ; Croft, 1991; Tomasello, 1995, 2003). It is note worthy that this view stands in direct opposition to Chomskys innatist theory. Because, Tomasello in his theory is mainly concerned with the question of how children get from here to there from the constructions of infant level speech to the abstract constructions of adult thought through one set of processes of acquisition (Tomasello: 2003:3). In Tomasellos theory it is impossible that humans can have been born with a specific collection of communicative behaviours only for language . This collection more probably learned by children during their years from the linguistic conventions used around them. They must possess flexibility in order to learn both the different words and the suitable expressions of each language and the different types of abstract constructional pattern which historically these languages have grammaticized (ibid). Tomasello emphasizes, however, four points in his theory: First, the innate skills which people have are not specific to language but can be used as means for language learning. Second, theory of mind is central to symbol use, because humans can understand symbols while nonhuman do not possess this ability, because they use signal system. Thirdly, word-learning skills include: joint attention, which means the ability that children possess in their first year old whereby they can understand other people as intentional agents and interact socially through an object to which both pay attention; children note this attention to both it and themselves; Intention reading, means the ability to understand the social world around them through imitating adult acts; the construction-learning skills encompassing: analogy and pattern-finding. The latter means the distributional analysis based on statistical information in the primary linguistic data and the ability to form perceptual and conceptual figures of similar objects or situations (Tomasello: 2003). The differences between the two theories: It is noteworthy that the accounts provided by Chomsky and Tomasello comprise many opposed aspects, of which the main ones are as follows: 3.1. Poverty of stimulus argument: The basic argument of the nativist theory is based on Chomskys assumption of the poverty of stimulus (1965).This assumption means that the data provided by the input to which people exposed are not rich enough to account for language acquisition (Patten and Benati:2010). In other words, it means that the language to which children are exposed as their input or the primary linguistic data is solely a set of individual utterances yielding some abstract principles of grammar which seem ambiguous for language acquisition .The best solution he can provide is the universal grammar hypothesis (UG), which means that all humans are born with an innate universal language containing a number of abstract principles which can lead the acquisition process (Tomasello: 2003). Despite the fame of the poverty of stimulus argument in the language acquisition domain and childrens language research, it has certain, if we contrast it with the account provided by Tomasellos usage-based theory. We find that the research into the developmental psychology of language acquisition has provided many arguments which support the richness of stimulus in usage-based theories (e.g Clark2003, Tomasello 2003). In fact, the significance of social pragmatic interaction in language acquisition is evidenced by extensive findings in this domain (Tomasello: 2003). To put it more simple, Tomasello in his theory emphasizes that: There is no poverty of the stimulus when a structured inventory of construction is the adult endpoint (Tomasello: 2003:7). He notes that the hypothesis of an innate universal grammar has two major problems, namely, first, the linking problem and the problem of continuity. The first problem is how children can connect their abstract universal grammar with the particular language which they learn. The second problem deals with the developmental changes in childrens language, for example, how people can understand childrens language during their developmental change if we accept that universal grammar is always the same. It, therefore, seems useful to provide a description or explanation of child language acquisition which ignores any hypothesis of universal grammar which creates these problems (Tomasello: 2003). Accordingly, it is important to note that Chomsky and Tomasello are opposed on the argument of the poverty of stimulus. Tomasellos view, however, seems stronger, because nativists provide no support for their claims. As Pullum and Scholz (2002:47) point out, the poverty of stimulus argument still a waits even a single good supporting example. Moreover, Akhtar (2004) seems to agree with this criticism, in that she indicates that this argument was the basis for a number of nativist claims, yet indeed lack supporting empirical evidences. 3.2. Language is creative: Another difference between Chomsky and Tomasello is the formers belief that language is creative. From Chomsky perspective, creativity in language has three- fold support. First, people possess the ability to understand and produce strange sentences which they have never before heard or spoken (Aitchison: 2007). Second, the creative use of language is free from the external and internal affects of the stimulus control (Chomsky: 1968). Third, the way in which people use the language considered to be coherent and appropriate to the situation (Hegde: 1980). By the way of contrast, we can see that Tomasello does not ignore creativity in language, but he has little concern for it. According to him, it results from the attempt of humans to create categories in their own language (Tomasello: 1995). Chomsky asserts that the creativity in language is something which can not be acquired solely through environmental learning methods (Aitchison: 2007). Tomasello contrastingly asserts that, during a period of time, children obtain the communicative conventions are obtained step by step from the people around them. For example, their social cognitive skills and developing cognition are utilised to internalise these conventions. Childrens basic abilities are used to learn their first words. They create concepts so as to understand adult speech and then to produce suitable new words in their communicative contexts (Tomasello: 1995). It is thought, however, from the contrast between the two views that Chomskys view about the creativity of language has some limitations. For one thing, nativists assert that every utterance we hear and say is completely novel and accepted. This assertion seems to be wrong. The reason is that to accept it we would need to assume that each word or sentence has a separate existence. Moreover, we have to assume that our past language experience is sufficient to provide a clear understanding of the present utterances. But, if these assumptions are accepted, the result will be that human communicative behaviour has no continuity (Hegde: 1980). The second point, on the creativity of language free from the control of stimulus, seems to be weak, because, as discussed above in section (3.1) no evidence has been offered in its support. Furthermore, with regard to the third point, in Chomskys view the way that people use language is coherent and appropriate to the situation. It could be argued that this point is somewhat vague, since Chomsky admits that he can give no clear meaning to the terms appropriateness and coherent in this context (ibid). However, he stresses that the creative aspect of language is common. Humans constantly create novel utterances and many who lack this ability might be brain damaged (Aitchison: 2007). This view would be more popular if it took into account the effect of environmental learning methods in producing our utterances, since the one question that needs to be asked here is, how humans can produce them without communication with their input. 3.3. Modularity: In the areas of linguistics and philosophy of mind, the idea of modularity has raised a great deal of concern (Garfield: 1987). There seems to be another difference between Chomsky and Tomasello, about the modularity of mind in language acquisition. To illustrate, the definition of modularity according to Crystal (1998: 246) is: A term used in recent discussion of language in two slightly different ways. On the one hand, it is proposed, especially in J. A. Fodors The Modularity of Mind, that the mind is modular in the sense that it consists of a number of different systems ( modules) each has its own distinctive properties , such as the language system and the vision system. On the other hand, it is suggested, especially in government-binding theory that language system itself is modular in the sense that it consists of a number of different subsystems which interact in specific ways. The concept of modularity is that the brain is divided into separate parts, an idea to which Chomsky gives much attention (1965).He identifies the language area as a separate faculty of mind, in that language is autonomous in the mind and a separate module in the brain (Aitchison: 2007). Furthermore, he goes on to argue that the human mind is, like other complex biological systems, modular in its internal formation (Chomsky: 1984). The main idea of modularity, according to him, is that the modularity of syntax means that the structures of syntax are not the same as the structures exist in other cognitive (Chomsky: 1968 cited in Tomasello: 1995). By the way of contrast, we can see that Tomasello does not agree that language is a separated module in the brain, because, by his reasoning, in order to have a perfect grammatical theory the syntactic abilities should be combined into cognition and not like an autonomous sub-system (Parisse: 2005). To sum up, Chomskys view is a modular view in which there are different sub-parts in the mind each one possessing special characteristics. Tomasello, however, take the non-modular view that there are general principles employed in all cognitive domains which control the mind (Archibald: 1993). However, to return to the account of modularity provided by Chomsky, one of the difficulties with this account is the claim that syntactic structures are not like the structures which exist in other cognitive domains. This seems to be wrong, because it gives the idea that the syntax module is innate, yet if we give the example of the game of chess, we find that it possesses a number of unique structures, such as, the images of a knight fork or queen-a side attack- in human cognition. But there is no need to presume that this uniqueness chess- playing form needs an innate mental form (Bates et al. 1991). Moreover, the structures of cognitive thought which adults utilise in order to play the game of chess come through a process in which people employ general cognitive processes to face their problems in their social interaction which they may have had in learning to play a constructed game (Tomasello:1995). Hence, it is thought that Chomskys view seems to be weak because it is difficult to specify which part of the brain is responsible for language. As Bates asserts, it still far from knowing perfectly which parts of the brain are responsible for language (Bates in press, cited in, Tomasello 1995). 3.4. Language- specific versus domain- general learning mechanisms: Another point of difference between Chomsky and Tomasello concerns the way in which children acquire language. is another different point between Chomsky and Tomasello. The difference lies in the contention over whether language should be a specific domain or a domain general learning mechanism. A specific domain in this context means a domain specific to language, whilst, domain general refers to learning mechanisms which are not specific to language, yet applied generally. From Chomskys perspective, since, human beings are able to learn language and animals are not, this ability is considered genetically inherited (Aitchison: 2007). Nativist theory, in fact, hypothesises that children are born with universal grammar (UG), a set of innate principles and parameters. This possession helps children to learn language without making errors as they learn (Conroy and Thornton: 2005). Therefore, this assumes that children possess a pre- existing domain- specific innate form which specifies the form of their language knowledge. Moreover, in language learning in particular, syntax children obtain ability without exposure to adequate stimulus (Chomsky; 1986, Pinker; 1994). However, Tomasello believes that it is false to suppose that children have genetically endowed grammar (Tomasello: 2003). To his mind, children in order to learn their language employ item-based learning integrated with some general learning mechanisms that are used in other cognitive domains , such as, analogy (Conroy and Thornton: 2005). Moreover, in Tomasellos view the properties of language structure come from joint attention figures and not from innate language specific mechanisms (Segalowitz: 2001). As a result, Tomasello significantly did not ignore language universals; however, to him they not universals of form or a special type of syntax or linguistic symbols but are instead, the universals of human communication and cognition. For example, human beings use language in similar social contexts in order to provide solutions in language for communicative tasks, such as, describing specific entities (Tomasello: 2003). Consequently, Chomskys view that language has a specific-do main is weak , because languages differ in their grammatical relations, of subject and object, for example, Acehnese, an Indonesian language, and Tagalog, a Philippine language, do not possess these grammatical relations ( Tomasello:1995). 4. Some weakness in both theories: Tomasello, then, introduced a new model of usage-based theories in language acquisition in which he paid attention to a main set of skills, namely, intention reading, joint attention and pattern-finding skills. These skills are general skills utilised also in other types of cognition and not in language alone. Furthermore, although they are innate, they are not like the universal grammar (UG) invented by Chomsky, because they are not specific to language (Tomasello, 2003). But Tomasellos account seems to entail some limitations. It is thought that he does not provide a clear explanation for the fact that these skills are sufficient for language acquisition. As Wilson (2006:138) points out: Tomasellos central claim is that joint attention and intention reading are foundational and prerequisite for language acquisition. It does seems reasonable to assume that they are necessary for language development, but the big question is, are they sufficient? Can they entirely account for all of the complexities of language à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ from parsing speech stream to the emergence of complex grammatical structures? Hollich et al. (2000), on the other hand, seems to agree with this criticism, because they assert that Tomasellos theory, which is one of the social constructivist theories, does not possess a complete or sufficient explanation for the fact that children can produce increasingly inserted sentences in their utterances. Moreover, the problem with these theories is that they still offer no clarification of childrens ability to discover the relationships between language units. In contrast to this, Chomskys theory is considered one of the famous theories in the language acquisition domain. It has indeed, affected the entire literature language acquisition, because of the controversy surrounding it. Yet this theory too attracts a number of criticisms. In this section, we focus on four critical points made against this theory. A major criticism concerns the universal grammar hypothesis (UG) which has been discussed above. Although (UG) aroused widespread interest in language acquisition debates, it is thought, that it is based solely on abstract thinking and lacks empirical support. As Kadarisman (2007a) points out, the concept of universal grammar must be without meaning unless it has empirical evidence. But, without adequate explanations, it seems to be more a slogan than a scientific effort. Moreover, due to its abstraction, (UG) neglects the local importance of language used in the cultural context (Becker: 1995). Second, Chomskys theory is criticised for relying on logical arguments only. As Palmer (2000) indicates, Chomskys nativist claims remain are still the same as they have been fir the past two decades. Because his claims are based on logical arguments instead of, direct evidences or reasonable interpretations, his argum ents have no external support. Tomasello seems, agree with Palmer in this criticism because he states that Chomsky in his account relies strongly on logical arguments, not using the scientific study of human behaviour and cognition (Tomasello: 1995). Third, it is criticised because it can not be tested. This creates some contention around Chomskys account. The reason is that his theory has no clear cut procedures which could be examined. To put it more simple, Chomsky considered theory-construction in linguistics as similar to theory- construction in the physical sciences, particular, physics. Yet, there is a deference between these two domains, because, the mathematical model in physics depends on physical phenomena and is testable, whereas, Chomskys model relies on subjective judgments made by individual native speakers who may disagree with each other. Consequently, it can not be tested (Moor and Carling: 1987). Fourth, Chomskys theory is criticised in terms of its ideas, if considered as philosophical ideas, for instance the adoption of such innatist ideas as, the universal grammar (UG) hypothesis which is based on the hypothesis of an innate language faculty. Subsequently, many linguists (e.g. Hegde, 1980; Moore and Claring, 1987) have strongly criticised these ideas. For example, Hegde asserts that the concept of a nativist theory is merely part of an ancient philosophical idea. Furthermore, Moore and carling believe that Chomskian linguistics are linked by these ideas to philosophy, in particular, epistemology, the part of philosophy concerned with knowledge theories. Conclusion: The domain of language acquisition possesses a varied collection of theories. Their main concern is to discover the way in which people, in particular children, can acquire language. The accounts given by Chomsky and Tomasello can be critically contrasted, as seen above. They obviously stand on two opposite sides. In Chomskys theory, children are born with an innate ability by which they acquire their language, whereas, in Tomasellos theory, language is acquired through language use and not by biologically innate ability. Furthermore, the innate abilities which children have are not specific to language. However, the main aspects which have been contrasted in this paper comprised: first, the poverty of stimulus argument, in which, according to Chomsky, the input is not sufficient to acquire language, while, from Tomasellos perspective there is no poverty of stimulus; second, Language to Chomsky is creative, because it is free from the control of stimulus while in Tomasellos view lang uage results from the attempt of humans to create categories in language; third, modularity, Chomskys assertion that the mind is separated into sub-parts, whereas Tomasello believes, that general principles control the mind; and fourth, Language- specific versus domain- general learning mechanisms; either there are universals specific to language, as in (UG) hypothesis of Chomsky or, as Tomasello states universals is not specific to language but apply to all human communication and cognition. Hence, we can conclude that Chomskys account strongly relies on the hypothesis of universal grammar (UG) to support his view on the poverty of stimulus argument, creativity of language, modularity and the language- specific domain. It should be noted that the universal grammar hypothesis (UG) brought a great deal of debate among scholars of language acquisition, even though one of its limitations is that it has no empirical evidence to support it. Tomasellos account, conversely, depends on general skills in language acquisition, such as, joint attention, intention reading and pattern finding skills. Yet he did not provide adequate explanation to convince us that these are sufficient for language acquisition.

Human Resources :: Business Management Studies

Human Resources Introduction Businesses recruit staff for a variety of reasons. To know why and how decisions to recruit staff are made, there are mainly four reasons to why and how staff is recruited. Â · If the organisation is big and need more staff to work for them, or if the organisation is expanding and need to recruit more staff. Â · Recruitment could be done within the work place changing job in the organisation. Â · Vacancies can be filled in by new comers who have a better attitude then the employee who retires or who gives a resignation etc. Â · The last of all internal promotions can be given to employees who have achieved the goals and should be moved up within the organisation. For a better experience of its work place and to know new people within its category Recruitment And Selection For a staff to be recruited it is sometimes easy for a person who has already done the job already and it could be hard for a new comer. But to be recruited into the organisation is sometimes tricky because many details are seen before the person can either be told to come for an interview if needed. First of all the new employee has to figure out what type of department he/she wants to work in. Secondly an Application Form is to be filled in showing all its qualification and what he is capable of. Then the employer has to decide whether he/she is capable of working and is sent of acceptance or declined. During the interview many questions are asked for which the person has to practise for or not. The new comer is asked simple questions but has to answer to them precisely. The employer uses a sheet where he writes down the grades of how the employee did on his interview. This is done over many new comers and on the end only one is selected for the job by seeing if he/she is capable at its job. Mainly with there application form many people send the CV (Curriculum Vitae) this shows all the capabilities of the person and all its past experience. Anti-Discrimination Legislation The new comers should be able to understand how recruitment interviews are planned, carried out and evaluated. They should be able to understand the legal and ethical responsibilities relating to equal opportunities, and know the key implications for recruitment of the following legislation: Equal Pay Act 1970 Sex Discrimination Act 1975 Race Relations Act 1976 Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Job Description For different types of work Job Descriptions are given to show what

Culture of Cherokee American Indians Essay

Scholars differ on where the Cherokee subculture came from and when they arrived on their traditional lands in the Southeast. The archaeological record of human occupancy of the Southeast goes back to at least 10,000 B. C. (Muller, 1978, p. 283; Canouts and Goodyear, 1985, p. 181), but this does not mean the Cherokees, or even their very distant ancestors, were there that early. Cherokees, as Cherokees, did not exist nearly so far back in time, nor did they necessarily emerge from the first or even from early occupants of the Southeast. The Cherokees as a more or less distinct American Indian people seem to be at the very most only one or two thousand years old. They may have developed from other American Indian peoples already in the Southeast, or they may have migrated there from another region. The Cherokees say they and other human beings were created after plants and animals were made. Plants and animals were told by the creator–the Cherokees do not know who he or she was–to stay awake for seven nights and watch the world. Most could not do so. Of the plants, only the spruce, cedar, pine, holly, and laurel trees were able to watch so long: that is why they are now green all year. Of the animals, only the owl, the panther, and a few others were able to stay awake: that is why they see at night and prey on those who must sleep. Human beings were then created: â€Å"At first there were only a brother and sister until he struck her with a fish and told her to multiply, and so it was. † Seven days afterward the girl had a child; another came seven days later, then another, and so forth, and the human beings â€Å"increased very fast until there was danger that the world could not keep them. Then it was made that a woman should have only one child in a year, and it has been so ever since† (Mooney, 1982, p. 240). The Cherokees do not now know when or how some humans first became Cherokees. Almost certainly they had their origins in an ancient time, distinct from the present, when things were not as they are now. The Cherokees think they may even have emerged from the ground after other human beings were created, for it is said there is another world under the surface, identical except that the seasons are different. According to the Cherokees, â€Å"The streams that come down from the mountains are the trails by which we reach this underworld, and the springs at the heads are the doorways by which we enter it, but to do this one must fast and go to water and have one of the underground people for a guide† ( Mooney, 1982, p. 240). Some scholars have asserted that this is where the name Cherokee came from–given them by their neighbours. The scholars have argued that Cherokee means â€Å"cave people,† for the Cherokees are said to have come from under the ground (Reid, 1970, p. 3) and also lived in a mountainous land full of caves. The eighteenth-century trader James Adair asserted that the name came from the (apparently Cherokee) word chee-ra, meaning (sacred) fire, forming cheera-tahge, or â€Å"men possessed of the divine fire† (Adair, 1930, p. 237). Probably the name is from the Creek chilokee, â€Å"people of a different speech,† as John W. Swanton has stated; perhaps it is the name from which the form Chalaque was derived (Swanton, 1985, p. 49-50). The anthropologist John Witthoft supported this interpretation, based on his work with Eastern Cherokee â€Å"informants†: â€Å"The name came from the Creek, Celokokalke, ‘people of another language’. † He asserted, â€Å"The Creek name by which the Cherokee were first known to Europeans became the general name for them in the Southeast, and was soon accepted even by the Cherokee themselves; names for other tribal groups have come into existence after a similar fashion† (Witthoft, 1947, p. 305). The Cherokees commonly called themselves Tsalagi or, in the plural, Ani-Tsalagi, perhaps â€Å"corrupted† to form the name Cherokee or perhaps derived from the same word as Cherokee. According to James Mooney, their proper name for themselves was Yunwiya or, in the plural, Ani-Yunwiya. It means, more or less, â€Å"the people,† â€Å"the real people,† or â€Å"the principal people† (Mooney, 1982, p. 15). Tradition played an important role in Cherokee clans. It made sure certain elements of a culture from generation to generation were passed down. Such as, the traditional matrilineal Cherokee family structure, which means descent, is traced through the female line (Conley, 2002). The children belonged to the mother and her family clan. There was not any relatedness with the father and he’s family clan. This family structure provided a safe and secure environment for women and children. Also, it meant the man lived in the wife’s house, surrounded by her clan’s people, so he would not dare to abuse her unless he wanted a tribal beating. Women were largely incorporated into the tribes. Not only was she the head of her domain with mutually respected power and authority, she had equal say in the affairs of war and peace. She was also in charge of the household and nourishment of her family. The women were involved in many functions of daily life. It seems as if the women were the tribe, but not for long. Years after the first American contact, European traders living amongst would marry Cherokee women. European traders could not accept that fact of tracing descent through the female line, but slowly the clan system gave into the European style bilateral family, which traced descent through both male and female (Conley, 2002). The Cherokee were not too happy with this movement. It jeopardized the Cherokee’s clan traditional ways of a matrilineal family structure carried on for many centuries. Nevertheless, the Cherokees could do nothing about it. Before the first known contacts, life of the Cherokee nation had grown and thrived for many years in the south-eastern United States in the lower Appalachian Mountains in states such as: Georgia, Tennessee, North and South Carolina, and parts of Kentucky and Alabama. However, in less than thirty years, after the first recorded contact with outsiders, in particular with Hernado De Soto in his expedition of 1540, the Cherokee Indians reformed their culture. Many adaptations took place which resembled similar American cultures. The Cherokee soon built schools and court systems. This infuriated Andrew Jackson, a supporter of the Indian removal policy. After awhile, George Gist, also known as Sequoyah, established a Cherokee written language, utilizing an ingenious alphabet of 86 characters in 1821 (Ehle, 1925). Soon, this was adopted into Cherokee culture and a newspaper was formed. Again, Andrew Jackson grew more furious. He wanted the Cherokees removed off their lands. In 1830, United States Congress passed an Indian Removal Act pushed by President Andrew Jackson following the recommendation of former President James Monroe in his final address to Congress in 1825 (King, 1979). This act enforced the previous Georgia Compact of 1802, since many were ignoring that removal act. But, many opposed this Indian Removal Act ratified by congress. After debates over this issue, the oppositionist won. However, Andrew Jackson was able to reinforce the act, due to the Treaty of New Echota on Dec. 29, 1875 (Conley, 2002). The signing of the Treaty of New Echota set the stage for the beginning of Cherokee extermination. The treaty signed away the entire remaining tribal territory east of the Mississippi in exchange for five million dollars and the right to occupy lands west of the Mississippi (King, 1979). Major Ridge, John Ridge, Elies Boudinot, and the rest of the Treaty Party doomed the whole Cherokee Nation when they agreed to sign a fraudulent treaty with the federal government, which did not represent the Cherokee Nation as a whole (Martin, 2001). The Ross Party, people who oppose the removal treaty, tried to resist, but nothing else could be done. This removal process started what was to be known as the â€Å"Trail of Tears† or â€Å"Trail where they cried. † This forced migration journey consisted of thirteen groups of consecutive waves led by Cherokee captions that lasted from August 28, 1838 to March 18, 1839 (Conley, 2002). Over the journey many Cherokees died, approximately, four thousand out of sixteen thousand, due to diseases, exposure, or fatigue (Martin, 2001). The history of the Cherokee people is one of defeat and despair. After the first encounters with Americans, the Cherokee Nation was deteriorating. For instance, Cherokee family structures were changing, vast amounts of lands were being ceded to Americans, and Cherokee Indians were forced from their lands. Overtime, this constant chipping away at the Cherokee Nation, lead to the final Indian removal from homelands and the demise of the Cherokee Nation in southeastern United States. References Adair, James. (1930). Adair’s history of the American Indians. Johnson City, Tenn. : Watauga Press. Canouts, Veletta, and Goodyear, Albert C. (1985). Lithic scatters in the South Carolina Piedmont. In Structure and process in southeastern archaeology, ed. Roy S. Dickens Jr. , and H. Trawick Ward, (pp. 180-94). University: University of Alabama Press. Conley, Robert, J. (2002). Cherokee. Portland: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Co. pp. 24-5, 44. Ehle, John. (1925). Trail of tears. New York: Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc. King, Duane, H. (1979). The Cherokee Indian Nation. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. pp. 16, 129. Martin, Ken. (2001). History of the Cherokee. Retrieved February 13, 2006 from cherokeehistory. com Mooney James. (1982). Myths of the Cherokee and sacred formulas of the Cherokees. Nashville: Charles and Randy Elder. Muller Jon D. (1978). The Southeast. In Ancient Native Americans, ed. Jesse D. Jennings, (pp. 281-325). San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. Reid, John P. (1970). A law of blood: The primitive law of the Cherokee Nation. New York: New York University Press. Swanton, John R. (1985). Final report of the United States De Soto Expedition Commission. Washington, D. C. : Smithsonian Institution Press. Witthoft, John. (1947). Notes on a Cherokee migration story. Communicated by W. N. Fenton. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 37, 304-5.

Term Paper Writing

Term Paper Writing Term Paper Writing Term Paper Writing While writing a term paper, you should develop writing strategy. If you do not know how to write a term paper, how to start writing or collecting information, it is a good idea to create a timetable of your work.   For example, create a set of notes outlining the points you are going to make, it will significantly simply writing a term paper process.   The basic structure (outline) will help you to write a good college term paper. Good writing is a matter of proper training, a lot of practice, and hard work. The goal of your term paper writing is establish a good thesis statement and inform the reader about your point of view.   Depending on the term paper writing requirements, you have to produce either persuasive/argumentative essay or descriptive/research paper. Term Paper Topics As a rule, college term paper can be thought of as answer to a specific question that has been posed by your professor. The purpose of term paper writing is to make you think about the problem/issue and find the answer/solution to it. Prior to writing a term paper you should spend reasonable amount of time reading and thinking about the topic which was proposed. Make sure you understand what the question is asking for. The first step of writing a term paper is to make sure that you understand exactly what your teacher expects. Sometimes a teacher will assign a topic or thesis for term paper, and sometimes he or she will leave it up to students to pick their own topics. Analyze all of English term paper key terms and all instructions. If you are in any doubt, ask your tutor to explain what is required. Before you start writing a term paper, you should be able to state exactly what it is that you are trying to show. You should be able to state in a single short sentence. The next task is to determine how to persuade the reader that your thesis is correct. At this point, students frequently make one or more of several mistakes. Sometimes, they feel that since the thesis is clear to them, it must be true and everybody has to agree with it.   It is common to overestimate the strength of your own position. That happens because you have already accepted that point of view. In order to write a good term paper, it is necessary to think very carefully and clearly about your topic. CUSTOM TERM PAPER WRITING Alternatively, you are welcome to place an order at and your essay will be written by professional writer.   We deliver only custom written term papers free of plagiarism and in accordance to tutor's instruction.

3 Reasons to Always Keep One Foot in the Job MarketÂÂ

3 Reasons to Always Keep One Foot in the Job Market   You have a job and you’re mostly happy with it. But even if you’re mostly thrilled with it, it’s always a good idea to stay sharp and keep your options open–if only to negotiate better pay, bonuses, etc. Here are three things you can and should do to ensure you’re always a hot commodity and get recognized for your talents. Keep your contacts closeNearly 75% of all job-seekers get hired through networking. All the more reason to expand your network, make new connections, and keep your existing contacts sweet–even when you have a job. If you ever do need to shop around, you’ll have your network already in gear. It’ll seem much more genuine to ask for help if you’ve kept in touch all along.Keep your resume road-readyThere’s nothing worse than needing a new job in a hurry and having and out-of-date resume. Keep your resume current, as well, by doing a bit of monthly scheduled maintenance to include new training, skills , and expertise,0 or even new responsibilities. When or if you ever meet a head hunter, you’ll be ready to present your best self on paper without having to scramble.Stay in the loopStay current and regular. Generate an online presence on social media and networking sites like LinkedIn and then maintain that presence. Make a schedule for articles and blog posts and website updates, even tweets. The more you keep up your brand, the easier it will be to sell it (translation: yourself) if you ever have to.If you follow this roadmap, you’ll never find yourself in a desperate situation. You can do your job with the confidence that you can easily find another one, given all the great groundwork that you’ve been laying.

Final Exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Final Exam - Assignment Example Three sexuality areas of interest in cross cultural research are the focus of sexual prohibitions or taboos. These three are women’s sexuality, children’s sexuality, and male homosexuality. The sexual prohibitions generally revolve around these three issues. Piotrowski (2009) suggests that gender roles revolve around economics. A male that supports the family and a woman the takes care of the children in some cultures. The evolving gender roles in Western countries are due to women becoming more involved in working to support their families. Another factor Piotrowski (2009) suggests that impact gender roles across cultures is the birth of a child. Power is the ability to influence others to do your bidding with or without resistance. Authority is the right to settle problems among others. Power is an influence, while authority is more of a right. Both rites of passage and rites of intensification are similar because they mark a specific event. Although a rite of passage only happens once, rites of intensification can happen more than once. A Baptism is a rite of passage. This normally only happens once. However, marriage is a rite of intensification because it can happen more than once. A function of a revitalization cult is to bring life back to a society that has been dominated or changed rapidly. They want to maintain a part of the original culture. The function is also to provide food, clothing, and so forth to a society that has been deprived due to war, foreign occupation, and other causes. Religion is defined differently by different cultures. For example, Christianity is not defined the same in Russia as it is by a Southern Baptist in the United States. Religious practices are often culturally intertwined with a specific region. Thus defining all Christians as believing a certain religion can be difficult. One hypothesis that explains the purpose of prehistoric cave art is the images are records. These records are history of animal

Art Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art - Article Example In developing these skills, one may reach a point at which one can recognize the cubist mess of a Picasso among the random abstract paintings of an amateur at a garage sale. However, it is better to start with more classical pieces in learning to appreciate the characteristics of true art. One such example is an oil on canvas painting executed by Emile-Jean-Horace Vernet in 1830 commonly referred to by its subject matter – Portrait of the Marchesa Cunegonda Misciattelli with Her Infant Son and His Nurse. By examining this painting, one can begin to pick out the elements of quality that make this work stand out as valuable whether it was shown in the sacred halls of a museum or in the darkened spaces of a corner coffee shop. The painting, part of the Samuel H. Kress Collection at the University of Arizona’s Museum of Art in Tucson, depicts the image of a woman sitting at the keyboard of a piano or similar instrument. Although her hands are on the keys, presumably in action, her attention is focused over her right shoulder on the small baby held in the arms of another young woman standing behind the first woman’s chair. The baby, seemingly wearing nothing more than the blankets swaddled around him, is reaching out toward the woman in the chair while the woman holding him has captured one of his hands in hers. The nurse also has her attention fully focused on the baby, seemingly making him the primary focus of the image. However, other elements of the painting manage to pull the attention away from this tiny person to redistribute attention throughout the available space. The distribution of attention begins with the fundamental form of the pyramid. Recognized as the most stable geometric shape, artists frequently use the pyramid form in their paintings to demonstrate stability and serenity – the concept that all things are in proper

Nike (Discuss in essay format Nikes organisational structure and how

Nike (Discuss in format Nikes organisational structure and how Nike has affected and been affected by the external environment.) - Essay Example Nike’s organizational structure is characterized by both vertical and horizontal functional levels that are basically democratic in nature though its administrative apparatus has some elements of bureaucracy too. With the appointment of Mark Parker as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Nike, the organization has yet again proved to the rest of the world how much the top command of Nike places emphasis on its modern innovative approach to business growth and corporate success. While its current functional level structure is less vertically integrated there is a broader horizontal level integration of both managerial functions and subordinates’ tasks to achieve a broader level of integration within the defined hierarchy. Vertically the organizational structure of Nike tends to be more or less paternalistic and bureaucratic with the founder/president still having control over much of the operational structures of the organization while horizontally it’s much more democratic thus facilitating communication, delegation of power and responsibility to subordinates and above all well coordinated Human Resource Management (HRM) practices at the international level across its many production facilities in the world. Organizational structure consists of differentiation and integration within the organization hierarchy. Differentiation in turn consists of vertical and horizontal distribution of functions and tasks. Vertical differentiation basically refers to the distribution of decision making functions within the organization while horizontal differentiation refers to the distribution individual tasks such as non-decision making duties of employees (Wokutch, 2001). Nike has a flatter horizontal hierarchical distribution of functions thus effectively facilitating the democratic decision making process within the organization. Integration refers to coordination among a number