Nike (Discuss in essay format Nikes organisational structure and how

Nike (Discuss in format Nikes organisational structure and how Nike has affected and been affected by the external environment.) - Essay Example Nike’s organizational structure is characterized by both vertical and horizontal functional levels that are basically democratic in nature though its administrative apparatus has some elements of bureaucracy too. With the appointment of Mark Parker as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Nike, the organization has yet again proved to the rest of the world how much the top command of Nike places emphasis on its modern innovative approach to business growth and corporate success. While its current functional level structure is less vertically integrated there is a broader horizontal level integration of both managerial functions and subordinates’ tasks to achieve a broader level of integration within the defined hierarchy. Vertically the organizational structure of Nike tends to be more or less paternalistic and bureaucratic with the founder/president still having control over much of the operational structures of the organization while horizontally it’s much more democratic thus facilitating communication, delegation of power and responsibility to subordinates and above all well coordinated Human Resource Management (HRM) practices at the international level across its many production facilities in the world. Organizational structure consists of differentiation and integration within the organization hierarchy. Differentiation in turn consists of vertical and horizontal distribution of functions and tasks. Vertical differentiation basically refers to the distribution of decision making functions within the organization while horizontal differentiation refers to the distribution individual tasks such as non-decision making duties of employees (Wokutch, 2001). Nike has a flatter horizontal hierarchical distribution of functions thus effectively facilitating the democratic decision making process within the organization. Integration refers to coordination among a number

Advanced Language Arts Essay Example for Free

Advanced Language Arts Essay Although teachers might disagree, having students eating in class will help students and teachers stay on task and not worry about lunch time. Staff should let us students eat during class because students will be more focused, awake, and excited to learn and participate in class. If student were able to eat during class then they would be able to concentrate on the objective they are learning instead of thinking about â€Å"what’s for lunch?† One of the many reasons students should be able to eat in class is due to that us students don’t have enough time to wake up earlier and cook our self a nice meal. We barely have enough time to get ready for school in the mornings. It is even harder, trying to eat breakfast, if a student has to walk to school every day. All of the years that I’ve been attending school there have not been a year when teachers don’t emphasize how important eating breakfast is. We have heard multiple of times â€Å"the most important mean of the day is breakfast.† Another reason why students should be able to eat in class is because teachers are allowed to eat in front of us but we are not allowed to eat in class. We should have to follow the same rules. There has been a time where I go to school with any empty stomach and I always see a teacher eating a granola bar. Seeing them eat doesn’t let me concentrate and it gets me more hungry and at that time I just hold my stomach tight and hope my stomach doesn’t growl. My final reason why teachers should let students eat in class is because kids will have energy to participate in class. Shouldn’t all teachers desire to see all their students’ hands up eager to answer questions? If teachers would just give it a chance and let students eat in lass they would be participating in school activities and fund raisers. In conclusion, eating during class will help students concentrate and have energy.

Marketing Analysis Of Marks And Spencer

Marketing Analysis Of Marks And Spencer Success is the ability of a firm to do well than its competitors. By 1990s MS had been massively successful in terms of market share profit. Therefore, we can take up that the firm was overtaking its competitors in term of market share and profit. This was attained by different approaches. The companys maturity, strategies, philosophy and control of the value chain were all vital to its success. Strategy of product and service differentiation was the main feature for MS . The development of brand St Michael and its creation as a sign of British manufactured quality, at a sensible price were essential to the company. By providing a welcoming, co-operative service that guarantee superior shopping comfort and handiness to customers, distinguished MS from further high street retailers. The company quickly turn into a household name, with a solid corporate image, that could be trusted upon to give good value for money. This prepared it stand out from the rest and therefore more fruitful. As MS matured, and it advanced along its experience curve, it was able to benefit from an accumulation of experience, process innovation, economies of scale and improving customer brand loyalty (Porter M. 1980. pp163-164). This assisted the company to deliver improved service at a low cost, to customers who were less price-sensitive, thus assuring success. Simon Marks, well-known as aggressive Leader for his expertise over the business and his thought. His firm thoughts and realization of core values provided the company a strongly devoted ethos culture. This ethos was continued through the employ of staff that would fit-in and turn into part of the family. Staffs of MS were very faithful, which meant that they could be trusted upon to provide the true level of service to the clients. They actually were Customer oriented through the start of the business to be crucial to the success of the company. MS deployed a very thoughtful style of strategy, which empowered whole control of all features of the business. Thru its was effective years, the company kept and remained true to the durable core values, firstly set in place by Simon Marks. Every store manager tracked central route on all matters with devotion to rules and the company fundamental ethics and values. This confirmed that the MS image was steady throughout the nation and assis ted to support the business identity. The culture admired the policy and strengthened the companys victory through differentiation. Simon Marks recognized the market necessity for great quality at reasonable price. It was his trust that most of the British suppliers could arrange for these items and he rapidly forged close ties with his belief suppliers. This connection was so vital, it was incorporated in the companys central principles. Suppliers had to deliver products of the high quality and description and this assisted to give MS a large manufactured goods range that customers could trust on. The locked-in suppliers, captive distribution, owned retail outlets, effective in-house service network and strong after sales support meant that MS had a strong vertically integrated system that controlled most of the value chain (Porter. Ibid. p128). Guaranteed products from a assured chain assisted make MS so fruitful. The achievement of MS was not only owed to the company itself, a certain amount of good fortune is also required for any business to succeed , creativity, hard work and market requirement. Back in the late 1880s, Michael Marks had not continued with the penny bazaars or Simon Marks not carried back ideas from America proceeding how to advance the business, then it is more than probable that the company would not have been a achievement. MS was so effective because it occupied an area of the retail market that no one other had. It distinguished itself and continued high criteria in product quality and customer deal whereas keeping price reasonable. MS managers were devoted to the company beliefs and operated closely to produce strong links with British suppliers. Market Penetration: i.e. existing products in existing markets. Additional product lines have been offered in the food and clothing categories to gain more market share. MS has introduced a designer collection with the aim of entering different segments of the younger (Thompson, 2001). Also, different product ranges such as cosmetics, furniture, books and CD, financial services etc have been introduced. Certain marketing events has been introduced by MS such as growing advertising, employing an outside agency for public relations and launching the marketing department to take a more dedicated customer orientation. MS has upgraded its product lines through innovation. E.g. Buying in new fabrics and colours, increasing product offerings (MS 1998 annual report). Product Development: i.e. new products in existing markets. MS offers customers a more extensive choice based by the highest quality and safety standards. MS introduced in-store bakeries, rear-service delicatessen, hot food counters and so on into stores to differentiate itself from competitors for providing new selling opportunities for unique product ranges (MS 1998 annual report). Some innovative products are added such as washable silk, jumpers and etc. (MS 1998 annual report). Furthermore, MS introduces sub brand designer in order to supply a collection of womens clothing for the fashion conscious woman (http://marksandspencer.com, 18/03/02). Market Development: i.e. existing products in new markets. MS increased selling space by 410,000 sq ft in 1998 through opening 4 new stores, extending 16 stores and purchasing 19 selected stores from Littlewoods (MS 1998 annual report) in order to upgrade and make the stores more pleasure experience for the customer. Also, MS has opened a number of stores at UK railway station and airports. MS has tried to enter into the young segment by offering more fashionable clothing and introducing some designer brand. Moreover, MS is now offering a mail order for busy people and those living in remote areas. Mean while the company continued to established markets in Western Europe, Canada, USA, and the Far East, this was now being done via a franchise method. Diversification: i.e. new products in new markets. Apart from its core products: food and clothing, MS developed a new strategic direction within the UK through its diversification into financial services, home furnishings etc. (Maureen Whitehead, 1992). MS also diversified into US retail food market by purchasing Kings Supermarkets (http://www.clm1.org, 24/04/02). Until 1998, MS has already had more than 20 outlets. MS also diversified into the world market. They were following-up on their worldwide reputation that they had gained since the 50s by only selling quality items at value pricing. Current Strategic Situation: Due to successful again MS must to inspect what made them successful originally Simons Marks understanding of customer preferences and trends. This led MS to meeting the customers requirements in the market and launching some very solid core capabilities, which over time commanded to others. Though, where MS pass on wrong is that they lost touch with the developing market and hence requirements of customers; customers needs transformed but they didnt. To re-establish this success MS must certify they know the market exceptionally well and decide what section of the market they wish to acquire. By going back to their original rudiments, inspecting their existing strengths and deciding on a market segmentation strategy that best matches these strengths, MS should be able to become moneymaking once more. Continuous satisfactory market research must be accompanied to certify MS does not lose touch again with their target market as another blunder could critically damage the organisation . Today MS is operating in a highly competitive market where purchasers have a comparatively high percentage of disposable income and are spending large amounts. This gives them high negotiating power specially since they are well knowledgeable about competition and so it is important to use the most cost effective suppliers to be able to save costs and grow the profit. With modern manufacturing techniques consumers are expecting high quality even at this low cost. Buyers presume a minimum standard and a market accumulation situation had established. The large number of substitute products in the market today also helps makes it this highly competitive atmosphere; there are many other retailers having competition for both the top and bottom end of the market share. This necessitates MS to have an aggressive marketing strategy to recapture market share. MS needs to take opportunities which form on its current strengths and be cautious about current threats that could potentially lead to more difficulties. By structure on existing strengths or core capabilities MS should goal to strengthen its market place and form new competencies earlier boarding on a noteworthy expansion program. Once a number of strong core competencies have been established MS can consider dangerous growth. SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS MS became Well Known MS has created a Good image for their customers. Their store locations were prime. Clothing is a requirement but several peoples also purchase a wide-ranging variety of clothes to match their different events or desires. Urge purchasing accounts for a high share of sales. Customers are continually purchasing new clothes to fill their wardrobes, either for the reasons of fashion or to switch worn-out stuffs. The UK industry is stronger in design fashion. Less common for people to get prepare their personal clothes than it was in the past. Costs of manufacture are dropping down as manufacturing is progressively being moved to inexpensive places around the world. WEAKNESSES Severe rivalry lead MS to heavy discounting that is grind down profit margins. The UK cloth trade has lesser output than leading European competitors is progressively being vulnerable by low cost foreign competition. Substantial brands have high profiles and their goods are relaxed to copy by counterfeiters with slight changes by competitors. Large chains dominate the retail sector and the only way to gain share in this mature market is to success to win customers from competitors. Speedy fashion variations can render items obsolete very quickly. Outmoded mail order collections are losing ground, as it is difficult to keep well-informed of fashion. Internet selling is unlikely to be significantly successful, as customers like to try on clothes and see the superiority of fabric and workmanship. Sales are periodic, with the greatest spending taking place in the run-up to Christmas, when more expensive coats and party wear are anticipated. Clothes are also common gift choices. The state of the reduced can have an important impact on sales at the top end of the market, as well as on desire buying. OPPORTUNITIES Men still spend less on dresses than women and this segment of the market remains underexploited. There is quiet sufficiently of probable for further merging in the market. The asset of brands such as Dorothy Perkins and the expertise of British retailers suggest there is probable for further growth abroad, mostly in the new EU member states. The ending of the MFA should lead to more discounts in the cost of products which could increase retail sales overall and/or cause consumers to trade up to items once elsewhere their means. Number of working women remains to growth, they will not only want more clothes for work but are also more probable to have the financial freedom to create clothes purchases. The industry remains to encourage a teenager marketplace for fashion-conscious 8 to 12 year-olds. THREATS Clothing chains from overseas, mainly those from Europe, such as Zara, have positively occupied UK high streets. Conventionally popular retailers, like Marks and Spencer, will have to adapt or face the harm of more market share to aggressive groups such as Arcadia. Both manufacturing and retailing are labour concentrated and are affected by legislature concerning minimum wages and working hours. The increasing participation of grocery multiples in clothing retailing is adding low-price volume to the market. A recession in the economy could cause men, in specific, to cut back on overall expenditure in this sector. In the current market environment a quantity of choices are open to MS now. These include: Founding a strategic union with another organisation This would involve an unwritten agreement with other clothes retailers not to encroach on each others market share. This would allow MS to regain strength in its original core business and so ensure it is in a better position to possibly expand into new markets in the future. Dis-investments In order to focus all its efforts on the recovery of the UK business, MS could divest or close non-core businesses and assets, which would allow it to focus only on core business until its market position is regained. Purchasing of smaller competitors To minor the level of competition and create trading easier MS could buy up minor retailers. This would give MS more control over the market and growth their market share deprived of making many changes. For MS to attain organic development and recover the market share they once had they neediness to initially toughen their core profit centres by selling more of their current merchandise to their current clients. After this MS can initiate to reconstruct its reputation for quality service and distinguish their products so customers observe them to be of higher value then the competition. By control the price constant this should help take back segments of the market missing to competitors. Once this is attained MS can remain to look at choices for product innovation. By introducing absolutely new and original products they can further strengthen their market segments. After this has been completed MS should begin to market their current merchandise to attract customers from fresh market segments through careful advancement planned by careful market research. Once they have recognized a position in other market segments they can begin to distinguish their merchandise within that mark et segment and additional strengthen their position. Finally, MS can initiate to once again increase by looking at new product options in completely new markets such as financial services. Therefore I would recommend MS primarily disinvest loss-making sub-sidiaries to allow the organisation to focus on upgrading its core business strength. This can be assisted by founding a strategic alliance with other organisations not to violate on each others market for the time being. Smaller competitors should not be attained at this stage until MS is in a sturdier financial position. Strategic Direction for the future: Internal Development: MSs will have to invest in training led to enhanced performance of supervisors and junior management. In-addition, MS will have to give people widespread roles through inspiration in order to help organization grow more smoothly. Inside the UK market MS will have to decide to revolutionize the store with modern look. The upgrading on design and layout for the store will have been introduced in an attempt to gain customer demands on convenience and to increase more shopping attractive. done Acquisitions: MS have to buy more stores as part of the growth programme; this will allow the company to double the number of locations. The store bought will then be altered into MS corporate style, with specific departments of the MS business (Welwyn Garden City). Joint Development: The relationship with suppliers allows MS to sharing knowledge and information throughout the supply chain i.e. MS worked with its suppliers e.g. Dupont to pioneer the use of the material Lycra for the mass market (case study). Future Resources of MS: Tangible:  ª Wide variety of high quality products with value for money, own-brand products  ª Hard working staff and good management team  ª Loyal customers Intangible:  ª High product value  ª Good image, so it will converted into high reputation  ª Buyer and staff loyalty  ª They will must have some Strong relationships with suppliers  ª Highly expertise expertise knowledge Human:  ª Supply-chain management; expertise in outsourcing  ª Outstanding services in purchasing and merchandising  ª Small hierarchy that will allow outstanding communications between head office purposes and stores. E.g. managers ask about employees opinions frequently to encourage argument and the expression of new ideas Successful strategic management requires winning, retaining and balancing resources. Performance depends directly on simple, mostly tangible, resources, but the growth of tangible resources is dependent on intangible factors. However, for MS, the loyalty of customers and the reputation is decreasing, the morale is shrinking and the cost is increasing (Kim Warren, 2002). The value chain analysis could be used to identify the organisational capabilities. Value Chain Analysis: SUPPORT ACTIVITIES Firm Infrastructure:  ª Subcontracting with suppliers as well as outsourcing domestically and internationally  ª Development of financial services such as availability of credit cards Technology Development:  ª MSs technologists working together with suppliers to gain knowledge about product development (e.g. with Dupont-Lycra)  ª EPOS system to help MS improve productivity so that it can respond faster to market changes  ª Customer ordering system (mailing system)  ª Having its own website for online selling, which allow customers to see products and service online Human Resource Management:  ª Good appraisal system for employees such as store Management training program and so on (Morgenstein Strongin, 1992)  ª Specialist advisers in key departments  ª Staff service initiatives Procurement  ª Minimising the environmental impact of their operations and merchandise  ª A well established supply base, with a high product specification standards PRIMARY ACTIVITIES Inbound Logistics:  ª Long-Term and non-contractual relationship based on mutual trust and understanding  ª Integrated business process with suppliers in terms of product specification, material management, quality control and so on  ª Sharing knowledge and information throughout the supply chain Operations:  ª Exclusive quality control in the operation process  ª Dealing direct with manufacturers instead of through intermediaries, understanding and controlling products from raw materials to finished goods  ª Subcontracting production with very tight conditions to suppliers  ª The costs of stockholding were carried by the supplier  ª Working across within franchises Outbound Logistics:  ª Franchise agreement overseas such as Greece, Indonesia, Thailand and so on  ª Good Store location Marketing and Sales:  ª Comfortable shopping environment  ª High quality products with good value for money  ª Wide ranges of products and services Services:  ª Offering the highest standard of customer care (Johnson Schole, 1997; Case Study) The value chain analysis helps MS identify the way to cooperate across different functions in the chain and then add more value to products and sustain competitive advantages. Having had the value chain analysis, the core competences of MS are as following:  ª Sourcing methods  ª Ability to deliver high value, reliable, consistent quality products  ª The trust from investors and customers  ª High quality of management 4.0 Evaluation MS Strategy: In order to evaluate MS strategy, the SFA analysis will be give below: Strategy Suitability Feasibility Acceptability Differentiation * * * Do Nothing Withdrawal * * * Market Penetration * * Market Development * * * Product Development * * Diversification * Internal Development * * * Acquisition * * Joint Development * * * Differentiation The company had serious consideration regarding the future direction of the company and its brand (St. Michaels). Because of its success in image, branding and quality, it is viewed acceptable to continue down the same road. Do Nothing The Do Nothing strategy has not been successful as it leaves MS behind in the market place, due to this MS has lost its continuous development in terms of quality, branding, customer values and so on. They have proven too slow to take action against those changes in a very competitive market place. Withdrawal According to the company inability to operate successfully in countries such as Canada, US, Fast East and some European countries as well as the Asian crisis in 1997, the choice left for the company would be to close the unprofitable outlets while remain operating in the other countries that still profitable. Market Penetration MS starts to introduce a number of new product lines in 1998 such as cosmetics, financial services, furniture and etc. however by the time they were introduced its competitors had already followed MS some successful strategy. Consequently, MS has lost its competitive advantage. Market Development Regarding to the acquisition of 19 outlets from the Littlewoods group this was suitable because it allowed the company to achieve its reposition in the market place. Product Development MS re-evaluated and improved a number of product lines mainly in the food and lady clothing, but also entered into the furnishing business. The food lines improved MSs profitability; however, the clothing and soft furnishing have not yet been able to compete with high street competitors. Diversification MS had taken their standard strategy formula and tried to stall it in their overseas operations, but they did not take the culture differences and other risks, i.e. economic, commercial and political. Internal Development The modernization of outlets, the retraining of employee and upgrading their central purchasing system helped MS to be more competitive in the marketplace. Acquisition MS acquired the 19 stores from Littelwoods for the purpose of adding them to the up-grading programme with the purpose of adding to the companys property assets. The company also acquired the food chain King Supermarkets in the United State, this operation operates under its own name. Joint Development MS required new ideas to add excitement to its product lines and therefore enhance the shopping experience of their customers. The failure of MSs suppliers to develop possible new products has been viewed as a failure in their relationship which had to be addressed without delay. The problem was due to the past attention had been given to quality and efficient delivery of the product, Marks Spencer standards have always be strict, the MS and not enough effort on focusing on their customers and what customer wanted from the relationship. When the customers feel satisfied then will be prepared to commit themselves to future purchases from the same supplier, this can be viewed that the relationship gives MS a real competitive advantages as well as economic 5.0 MSs situation: Text Box: Industry Saleshttp://www.coursework.info/document/3/4/4/44381/44381_files/image013.gif According to the life cycle, MS is sitting in the mature stage and the fortunes have been in decline. As the increasing competition such as from Next and Gap, the customer tastes changing and the short of experience of going overseas, MSs profit declined sharply from  £1,102m in 1997 to  £546m in 1999 and the share price declined from  £6.65 to  £4.61 (The Chartered Institute of Marketing, 2001). http://www.coursework.info/document/3/4/4/44381/44381_files/image014.gifGap Analysis: MS was very successful in product range and quality in the past; therefore, they overlooked the changes in the environment such as increasing competition, changes in customer tastes and so on. As a result, they remain do-nothing strategy without investing in product innovation, environmental monitoring or marketing, which led to the decreasing in profits in 1998. In order to fill the gap, MS should start to look at and change product and marketing strategies. Furthermore, different options should be looked at by MS such as brand identity (different brands for different segments), segmentation (more attention on key segments), diversification (for the financial service, they should choose the effective target audience and identify their needs and wants properly). (MS Corp. Press Office, 2001) http://www.coursework.info/document/3/4/4/44381/44381_files/image015.gif In the past, MSs strategy based on broad differentiation (image of good quality and wide range of products at affordable price). At the moment, its strategy was unclear because they were trying to do everything to maintain its competitive advantage. They are using unrelated strategies such as cutting costs (cost leadership) as well as trying to use differentiation focus by entering different niche markets (financial services and so on) as well as differentiating its brand through the range of products on offer. Consequently, leads to the company positioning in stuck in the middle. All in all, MS failed the sustainable competitive advantage hurdle. With fickle customers, changing fashions and intense competition, a sustainable competitive advantage is difficult to maintain in this particular sector. Although MS has plenty of attractive retail space and George Davies brought a magician, however, MS need to have some dramatic change in order to survive and revive. 6.0 Recommendation and conclusion: MS faces the toughest test of its ability to survive in the war of the High Street. It must not only defend its market share, but must also find ways of gaining back customers perception in terms of quality, brand loyalty and so on. MS required new ideas to add excitement to its product lines and therefore enhance the shopping experience of their customers (Dennis Adcock, 2000). MS is changing itself such as outsourcing and recruit more new and young employees. New strategies are in Place: an upmarket clothing line has been introduced, returning to selling only own-brand products, stores have been revamped, top management appointments made, the utilization of Microsoft BizTalk serve and Window 2000 serve and opening out-of-town stores to shift surplus stock. The difficulty for MS is achieving the right balance between the corporate values that gave it its strong market position, and the innovation that is required to stay competitive. It is a tough time for MS and also the right time for a new broom, MS should get lessons from past and look at more about what is happening in the market place and change itself from the old way of doing things to a brand-new image in order to sustain its competitive advantage and regain its leading position. Reference: Books:  · Case Study from Declan  · Daft and Marcic, 2001  · Dennis Adcock, 2000, Marketing Strategies for competitive advantage; John WileySons Inc.  · Hartley and Palmer, 1999  · Jennings and Wattam, 1994, Decision Making An Integrated Approach, 2nd edition, Financial Times, Pitman  · Jobber, 2001, Principles and Practice of Marketing, 3nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company  · Johnson, Scholes, 1993, Exploring Corporate Strategy Text and Cases, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd.  · Johnson Schole, 1997, Exploring Corporate Strategy, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall  · Kim Warren, 2002, Strategic Performance connecting to the fundamentals of business dynamics, London Business School  · Morgenstein Strongin, 1992, Modern Retailing Management Principles Practice, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall  · Naylor, 1999  · Thompson, 2001, Strategic Management, 4th Edition, British Library Internet:  · http://www.clm1.org/education/2001/ms.pdf, 24/04/02  · http://marksandspencer.com, 18/03/02  · http://www.statsed.co.uk/bes/bes_spring1999/28_2/sec2.htm, 19/04/02 Other Sources:  · Chartered Institute of Marketing, 2001  · Marks Spencer Press Release, June, 1996  · MS 1998 annual report  · MS Corp. Press Office, 2001  · Maureen Whitehead, 1992, Management Decision, Vol. 32 No. 3, 1994, pp. 38-41  · Pawlyna, Andrea, British retailer on the roll, Asian Business, April, 1996  · Welwyn Garden City, Deputy Head, Stanborough School Appendix 1: http://www.c

Making High Fructose Corn Syrup is an Unnecessary Process :: Artificial Sweetener HFCS Food

An Unnecessary Process: Making High Fructose Corn Syrup The process of making High Fructose Corn Syrup is a long and complicated one. It was first discovered in 1900’s. High Fructose Con Syrup has been used as an artificial sweetener for decades. It involves the change of sucrose sugar into fructose sugar. It is a complicated process involving many changes on the molecular level. It also needs specific temperature and pH changes throughout the process to insure that the chemical changes and the enzymes all function properly. If the enzymes and chemical reactions don’t all work properly, the sucrose won’t change properly into fructose and the outcome will not be High Fructose Corn Syrup. The specific change from sucrose sugar into fructose sugar is vital so the process for changing it must be accurate. The fructose sugar is sweeter than the table sugar or sucrose sugar, which is why the fructose sugar is used instead of the sucrose sugar. This extra sweetness makes it favorable for commercial uses. The other factor mak ing both useful and favorable for commercial businesses to use it is its low cost. High Fructose Corn Syrup is cheaper to make and therefore is sold cheaper than regular table or cane sugar. Many commercial food-processing businesses are using High Fructose Corn Syrup because of this meaning and therefore making High Fructose Corn Syrup a common ingredient in many food items. The process of creating High Fructose Corn Syrup started in the 1800’s. Food industries have known about using microorganisms to produce new foods and increase the shelf lives of foods. In the corn industry, wet millers have used the process of isomerization, or converting D-glucose to D-fructose. The process of isomerization used to be done by treating glucose with alkaline catalyst at a high pH. This technique was unsuccessful because the conversion created large amounts of by-products, which tended to create a dark color and also develop off-flavors. Despite these side effects, isomerization was continually used with most of the research being done in carbohydrates. This research led to the discovery in the 1950’s that showed that when given right enzyme, the monosaccharide outside the cell the cell would undergo ketolisomerization. This enzyme discovered was xylose isomerase. This discovery was made by biological and medical scientists. More research then worked on how to change the molecular structure of glucose molecules with 5 carbons to fructose molecules with 6 carbons. An enzyme prepared from pseudomonas hydrophilia provided this structure change creating D-fructose.

Multinational Enterprises (MNE)

This paper takes the position that Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) do improve rather than exploit foreign labor’s working conditions on the ground that globalization has been adopted by more countries, and that this must be deemed to have s resulted to more benefits for the workers of these countries who wanted these MNEs to come in to their countries. The increasing number of countries who want to join the WTO further proves that MNE could thrive to help the economies and working conditions of many. This paper will support with evidence the above thesis by leaning on the positive view of the coin that it is more plausible for multinationals in particular to do good rather than exploit the working condition of foreign countries. When more countries adopt globalization (Editorial, 2000) as economic strategy by joining the WTO, MNEs are in effect encouraged to do more of their business across countries. To argue otherwise that globalization will discourage MNE is simply against theory and human experience. If WTO has the objective of less restricted economic ties among members, more trade investment liberalization is also expected. This would be consistent with what   BIAC (2003) claimed that trade and investment liberalization foster economic growth, creates wealth and improves labor conditions, and will also end up in a better division of labor between countries based on comparative advantage.   Liberalization will in turn promote a focus on productivity improvement, management skills and facilitates integrated links to markets (BIAC, 2003) since globalization encourages the growth of foreign direct investment (Kumar N. and Pradhan J.P., 2002). Countries that have more MNEs have resulted to more benefits for the workers of said countries.   The existence of MNE in different countries as evidenced by more foreign direct investments (Hansen H. and Rand J. ,2004) are also proofs of continuing trust of host governments for the   beneficial effects of MNEs in terms of more employment opportunities and better lifestyle of those working in MNEs than their local counterparts. Given these two arguments and their corresponding proofs opposing persons of globalization have their criticism as discussed below. It is being claimed by people who oppose globalization that multinational national enterprises exploit labor in poor countries.   Bhagwati (2005) mentioned the fact that anger has been aroused by the supposition that rich, deep-pocketed corporations pay   unjust or inadequate wages to their workers outside their home country and that these MNE are even branded as labor rights violators (Bhagwati, 2005).   The line argument of the critics is centered on the assertion that that if a certain branded product   sells for $200 in New York, the female worker or laborer abroad who sews it and for which the MNE paid   only 60 cents an hour, exploitation was already believed to be found. A reasonable mind would readily see the flaw in the argument as there was no forcing on the part of the MNE to have the female laborer to do the work at 60 cents per hour.   It was a free market where a typical entrepreneur would like to produce a product at a lower cost.   If the business entity is not an MNE, would there be no exploitation also?   The critic’s argument simply appears faulty in the crucible of common sense.   Could it be that MNE which can move its goods across countries that solidifies the exploitation?   Said argument would be faulty as well since it must be made clear that the MNE still has to spend transportation cost, distribution cost and even tariff duties in bringing the goods from third world country to the United States. To further prove the lack of merit of the claim that MNEs pay their workers only minimal   wages,   Bhagwati (2005) cited a recent study of the profits performance of more than two hundred   companies in the 1999 Fortune Global 500 list which a very minimal profit on foreign assets of only 8.3.   This means that the foreign companies may just be earning just same or a little above their cost of capital. In countries where there are strong political and economic risks, the 8.3 % could should still be reduced by inflation factor and this could make it lower than the price of just simply making investment in the US treasury bills which ranges about 4 to 5%.   It is therefore very hard to see the evidence of exploitation if the it meant the huge profit despite against low labor costs in poor countries. Another evidence cited on wage payments were on good empirical studies that have been conducted in Bangladesh, Mexico, Shanghai, Indonesia, Vietnam, and else where these studies revealed that that multinationals actually pay an average wage that is above the going rate in the area where these MNE are located.   It was also found that affiliates of some U.S. multinationals pay a higher rate over local wages that ranges from about forty to a hundred (Bhagwati ,2005). In another cited Bhagwati, (2005) cited confirmatory result from that of the economist Paul Glewwe, using Vietnamese household data for 1997-98, Glewwe found that workers in foreign-owned enterprises generally make almost twice the salary of the average worker employed by a local Vietnamese company. What comes out of the comparison made by critics on wages simply misread that needed to be compared.   Comparing the salary of a worker in the US with the counterpart worker in another of less economic status is simply faulty.   A better comparison is to be made by comparing the life style of an MNE worker than its counter part local worker since the advantage or disadvantage could only be felt in said place.   This was seems to be framework of Glewwe’ finding when the economist   pointed out that 1990s increases in Vietnam’s household income using per capita consumption expenditures as basis of measurement were above the   average increases for all Vietnamese households. (Bhagwati,2005) There are also accusations that global corporations violate labor rights.   Bhagwati(2005) reported that case of where anti-globalization activists having sometimes made and announced lie as in the case of IKEA which was accused of exploitative child labor by its suppliers but was latter found by a German film which has documented that the abuse was simply create by activists.   (Bhagwati ,2005).   Added to the example of faking by activist was the claim â€Å"that the chocolate sold in rich countries relies on slave labor by children in the cocoa plantations of the Ivory Coast† where is found that the stories and charges   were false. A more objective analysis of the claims and their arguments would reveal the weakness of these claims against MNE.   The lack of employment opportunities for poor countries has actually the government of these poor countries to open up their economies.   Opening up their economies allow their labor laws to be flexible enough to allow Men’s to complete in the global market (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 1992). To conclude, there is basis to uphold the thesis of this paper as we have proven that the arguments claimed by those who oppose globalization are bereft of evidence or some of these evidences may have been manufactured to their own arguments.   Multinational enterprises do not impose their entry upon other poor countries as they are being invited to come into by the other countries act joining the WTO.   Such voluntary joining will carry the presumption that these MNE promotes employment generation and help in the economic growth of the countries opening up their economies rather exploit the working conditions of said countries. References: Adewumi (2006) The Impact of FDI on Growth in Developing Countries an African Experience, {www document} URL www.diva-portal.org/diva/getDocument?urn_nbn_se_hj_diva-711-1__fulltext.pdf, Accessed June 6, 2007 Bhagwati, J. (2005) Do Multinational Corporations Hurt Poor Countries?   {Www document}   URL, http://www.taemag.com/issues/articleid.18014/article_detail.asp, Accessed June 6, 2007 Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD (BIAC), (2003) G8 Labor and Employment Ministers Conference â€Å"Growth and Employment: The Future of an Active Society in a Changing World† Statement of the Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD (BIAC), Stuttgart, Germany, December 14-16, 2003, {www document} URL http://www.biac.org/statements/elsa/Final_2003_G8_Stuttgart_BIAC_Statement.pdf, Accessed June 6, 2007 Editorial (2000) Merged with Tide of Economic Globalization, People’s Daily Online, {www document} URL http://english.people.com.cn/english/200002/01/eng20000201A106.html, Accessed June 6, 2007 Hansen H. and Rand J. (2004) ‘‘on the casual link between FDI and growth in developing countries’’.   Discussion papers, Institute of Economics, University of Copehagen.   Denmark Kumar N. and Pradhan J.P. (2002) ‘‘Foreign direct investment, externality and economic growth in developing countries: Some empirical explorations and implications for WTO negotiations on investment’’ Research and information system, New Delhi India. Samuelson and Nordhaus (1992), Economics, McGraw-Hill, Inc, London, UK   

Oldboy Analysis Essay Example

Oldboy Analysis Essay Example Oldboy Analysis Essay Oldboy Analysis Essay This close-up makes the audience believe, at first, that its only a few guys that he has to beat up. This is a good example of how the director has used the cinematography to withhold Information. We then see a hard cut to a medium close-up shot of the protagonists reaction to the group of guys as he delivers his line. This medium close-up give the audience a detailed view of his straight face, unchanged by the scenario indicating that he is prepared for whatever these bat-wielding thugs can throw at him. Also, this shot shows the audience the only weapon he has to defend himself, a tiny hammer which makes the audience think that there is not much he can do with that tiny hammer against these thugs. The director has chosen the camera angle to be at eye-level for the audience because the protagonist is definitely not in any powerful position against these guys but the director also wanted to subtly Indicate that he Is not In any weak position either because ultimately he will come out on top. It then hard cuts to a crane shot from behind the protagonist, the camera tilts upwards with a deep depth of field to focus the audience on the group of bat-wielding thugs. This shot is to show Just how many guys the protagonist will actually have to go through and Its not a Just a few. This plays with the audiences feeling of will he or wont he make It through the fight, It also shows how narrow the hallway is which gives a sense of claustrophobia and confines us to this little space where the action will take place. The camera is slightly angled downwards as the director wanted to emphasis on the feeling that the protagonist might Just end up coming out on top. After this, we see a hard cut too close-up of the protagonist dropping his knife with the dietetic sound-effect of it landing on the floor; this close-up gives the audience a detailed view of the irritations action and shows the audience his change of character In this scene from the beginning of the film. The fact that he has a lethal weapon but would rather prefer to use a tiny hammer and his fists than a knife to take care of these thugs tells us that 15 years of random imprisonment has changed him completely, from being almost a coward to this insane character seeking answers and driven by revenge. Also, the fact that the director chose for the camera not to track the knife to the floor and let it drop out of the frame as the camera stays still shows us that the knife will lay no further part in the film. In a way, the knife dropping out of frame signifies that it is also leaving the film. The whole of the fight is one long continuous take as the camera tracks them along from left to right. The reason for the long take Is that It shows the protagonists perseverance through-out the fight which adds a sense of realism to the scene. If there were cuts to a bunch of half second close ups this effect 1 OFF wouldnt De pulled or stressfully as It would Electroplates ten alliance. I Nils means that they wouldnt be able to focus on everything that is going on in the scene. Another reason is that it would look too Hollywood-like and make him seem like a typical Hollywood protagonist who predictably gets out of this situation. The long take plays with the feeling that he might not make it through this and highlights the impossibility of the task ahead of him. Also throughout the whole take the camera angle is positioned at eye-level which emphasizes on the feeling that the audience doesnt know whether the protagonist or the antagonists will come out on top. I believe that the fact that the camera tracks from left to right instead of the other way round is because its more comfortable for the audience as that is the way we read a book for example, it helps them to focus on the scene, even through all the violence that is going on. Also the director has choreographed the fight to coincide with the golden triangle. The audiences eyes are naturally drawn to the middle of the screen so the fact that the director has made the camera and the actors move towards the centre of the screen always keeps the audiences eyes dragged towards the fight. After the fight has finished we see a close up shot of the protagonist looking tired. The frame is composed in a way to mainly focus the audience on the protagonist but there is also a shallow depth of field so the audience can see the damage he has done to the guys on the floor. Miss-en Scene: The big fight scene is set in a hallway which serves to compress space and to emphasis on the idea that he might not escape. The fact that the hallway is so narrow confines the audience to focus on what is happening inside the frame which is the fight. If the shot was anymore wider or zoomed out it would distract the audience slightly. The hallway is lit slightly from inside the frame, on the walls and ailing, and lowly lit outside the frame from above them at a slight angle. This is to give the characters shadows to make the scene look dark and menacing. The character actions during the fight are significant to the audience as the fight is choreographed in a way to make it look as realistic as possible. The missed punches from the characters, the bats breaking after missing the protagonist and smashing into the wall, the antagonists falling all over the place and the way the antagonists take off their shirts might look like mistakes from the actors because of the long mutinous take but I believe the fight was choreographed that way to emphasis on the sense of realism during this scene. It makes the fight much more believable and grabs the audiences attention, taking them with the protagonist through the fight. As you can see from the corrections above one of the thugs throws the bat at the wall attempting to hit the protagonist but goes no-where near him. This small character action shows the audience that the antagonists are trying anything and everything to knock the protagonist down but they Just cant, hes almost undetectable and the fact hat the bat goes no-where near him shows that nothing can touch him. Sound: The non-dietetic score played over the fight scene is contrapuntal sound. It is an odd and unusual Juxtaposition, the score doesnt go together with the fighting. Its not what the audience would expect, they would expect an upbeat, pulse-raising score. This makes the scene unpredictable and again makes it look less Hollywood like. The score almost calms the audience through all the violence, usually the audience would expect the soundtrack to make their heart race but the director wanted to make their earth race tongue ten cinematography Ana males-en scene, nothing else. I Nils also emphasizes on the feeling again that he might not make it through this. As well as the non-dietetic sound during this scene, there are also dietetic sound effects throughout the fights. Theres the sound effects of multiple punches and kicks, as well as the breaking of bats, the smashing of the tiny hammer and stabbing of the knife into the back of the protagonist. This makes the scene all the more violent and realistic. Theres a dietetic sound effect of an elevator bell, the music stops and we see a smile on the protagonists face. The sound effect of the elevator bell is to let the audience know that someone is in the elevator whilst keeping the focus on the protagonist and capturing his reaction to the elevator. It also keeps the audience guessing as to who is in the elevator. The music stops to indicate to the audience that the next part of the scene will not last very long. The facial expressions of the actor show hes tired and worn out, blood runs down the side of his face and neck, but after the bell rings and we hear the elevator doors open, theres a smile on his face as he sees the group of guys in the elevator. This smile from the protagonist shows the audience that hes still willing to preservers. The fact that he has blood running down his face and hes still smiling shows that he will stop at nothing to try and make it through this even if it kills him. It also shows how hes a changed character from the beginning of the film when he was a coward to now where hes this almost insane character. We then see a mid-shot of more guys with bats in the elevator. At first glance the audience would think that the protagonist is going to get beaten up now but the fact that theyve already seen him go through 18 guys makes them realize hat another 7 guys doesnt seem like a problem for him, which was also evident when he smiled. For a few seconds the audience is made to wait to see what happens, it then cuts to what is probably the ground floor, the camera moves again from left to right in a fast motion past the barrier and the audience then sees what has happened as the elevator doors open. The antagonists drop to the floor and the protagonist is the last man standing. When he walks out the elevator this is when the audience realism that hes almost invincible, nothing can stop him now on his Journey for answers which sets up the next few scenes perfectly.

What Is SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing

What Is SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Makers of the new SAT have decided that the Reading and Writing sections go together like peanut butter and jelly. Insteadof treatingthem separately, College Board now takesReading and Writing together to give you one Evidence-based Reading and Writing score. This guide will go over exactly how these two sections merge and how this new formataffects your test prep. To begin, let’s define this new category on the SAT. What Is Evidence-Based Reading and Writing? Ah, the million dollar question! Evidence-based Reading and Writing, which we can abbreviate as EBRW, refers to both the Reading and Writing sections of the SAT together. "But these two sections are separate!" you might have just declared at your computer screen. You wouldn't be wrong, and I applaud your passion for SAT accuracy.When you take the test, youdotake these two sections individually. When you get your scores back, though, you’ll just get one EBRW score between 200 and 800. The other half of your total score will be your math score, which will also fall somewhere between 200 and 800. Add your EBRW score and math score together, and you’ll get a total score somewhere between 400 and 1600. On the old SAT, Reading and Writing were scored separately, resulting in a maximum possible score of 2400. In those days, theverbal sections (technically called Critical Reading and Writing) made up two-thirds of your total score, while math only made up one-third. Not the ideal make-upfor students who werestronger inmath, but English-oriented kids were sitting pretty. Now, half your score is verbal, and the other half is math. They’re equal! Similarly, your performance on both the Reading and Writing sections factor equally into your combined EBRW score, even though the Reading section’s almost twice as long as the Writing section. To give you a clear view into where your EBRW score actually comes from, I'll go over the process in the steps below. Where Does Your Evidence-Based Reading and WritingScore Come From? On the SAT, you’ll first take the 65-minute Reading section. Then you’ll move onto the 35-minute Writing and Language section. Even though Writing’s a lot shorter than Reading, it counts equally toward your combined Reading and Writing score. If you’ve scored any of your own practice tests, then you may be familiar with the scoring process. First, you add up your raw score in each section, giving yourself one point for every right answer and zero points for wrong or skipped answers. Then you use the provided conversion chart to convert both raw scores into scaled scores between 10 and 40. The exact conversion might differ slightly based on how students perform on a given administration, but here’s a representative sample chart: After you convert your raw scores to a scale of 10 to 40, then you simply add them together and multiply by 10. That equation will get you your final EBRW score between 200 and 800. For Example:Let’s say you got a raw score of 31 in Reading and 28 in Writing and Language. Your Reading score gets scaled to a 30 and your Writing and Language score gets scaled to a 28. Add them together and multiply by 10: 30 + 28 = 58 x 10 = 580 Your final EBRW score’s a 580. Similarly, you can see how to perfect scaled scores get you an 800. A perfect scaled score of 40 in Reading + 40 in Writing = 80. Multiply by 10 and you get 800. Even though the two sections are scored together, they’re still presented as separate sections on the SAT. At the same time, they feature some overlap in content and skills beyond a strong grasp of the English language. To give you a sense of their similarities and differences, let’s explore the content of both sections, starting with Reading. Gather round! It's reading hour. SAT Reading: An Overview SAT Reading is always your first section on the SAT. It tests your reading comprehension skills by asking you to read passages and one or more graphics and to answer questions about them. Below you’ll find an overview of the Reading section’s format and question types. SAT Reading Format Time Number of Questions Time/question 65 minutes 52 questions 1 minute, 15 seconds All of the questions in the Reading section are multiple choice with four possible answer choices, A, B, C, and D. This section contains five passages, or technically six, since â€Å"one† is a set of paired passages. One of these passages come from World Literature, two come from History or Social Studies, and two come from Science. One or more passages will be accompanied by a graphic, like a chart, table, or graph. SAT Reading Content The Reading section tests your skills to comprehend passages from various genres. It wants you to examine both big picture ideas and little picture details, as well as to manage your time efficiently. Since you just get one big block of time in this 65-minute section, it’s your job to divide it roughly equally among the five passages. Some elements that the Reading section asks about are main idea, important details, and vocabulary in context. By analyzing the text, we’ve actually picked out eight main types of Reading questions. They are big picture/main idea, little picture/detail, inference, vocabulary in context, function, author technique, evidence support, and data interpretation. For a detailed breakdown of each question type, along with sample questions of each, check out our full guide to the SAT Reading section! For now, let’s take a look at the structure and content of Writing and Language. The Writing section's like the Reading section, except the passages are all messed up. You get to fix them! SAT Writing and Language: An Overview SAT Writing and Language asks you to be an editor. You’ll read passages that have errors of grammar and punctuation, as well as unclear organization. Then you’ll identify the errors and provide suggestions for how to fix them. Before getting into the question types, consider this section’s overall format below. SAT Writing Format Time Number of Questions Time per Question 35 minutes 44 questions 47-48 seconds All 44 of the Writing questions are multiple choice and based on passages. You’ll get four passages, each followed by 11 questions. These passages will come from four distinct areas: Careers, Social Studies, Humanities, and Science. Like in the Reading section, one or more of these passages (often the Science one) will be accompanied by a graphic, like a scatterplot, bar graph, or chart. SAT Writing Content As you read above, Writing and Language questions ask you to edit and revise words, sentences, and paragraphs. You might replace a word, fix a mistake in grammar or punctuation, rearrange sentences, or even add or delete details to improve organization and clarity. College Board categorizes 24 questions as Command of Evidence, Words in Context, and Expression of Ideas. These questions ask about how ideas develop or get supported, the proper use of vocabulary, and organization. The remaining 20 questions ask about Standard English Conventions. These include questions about sentence structure, usage, and punctuation. These questions tend to get down to the nitty-gritty of sentence mechanics and little details like comma and apostrophe use. You can find a full breakdown of the skills tested in Writing and Language in this comprehensive guide. As you can see, Reading and Writing both test your verbal skills, but they do so in distinct ways. So does the fact that they’re now combined into one score affect your prep at all? Reading and Writing have distinct differences, but these next five study tips focus on where they overlap. Prepping for Evidence-Based Reading and Writing: 5 Tips Reading and Writing require their own approaches to prep, but they have enough of an overlap that some of your prep will help in both sections. The five tips below focus on the ways that Reading and Writing intersect. Read on for five essential pieces of advice that will help you get ready for both Reading and Writing at the same time - and thereby boost your EBRW score! #1: Focus on Command of Evidence If you look at the way College Board describes its question types, it uses the category, â€Å"Command of Evidence,† for both Reading and Writing questions. For both sections, you need to base your answers on evidence from the text. This â€Å"eye for evidence† is a key skill in both sections. However, Reading and Writingevidence-based questions look a little different. The Reading section has explicit evidence-based questions that ask you about your reason for an answer to a previous question. Here’s one example of a Reading Command of Evidence question. The Writing section tests your Command of Evidence slightly differently. It typically asks whether you should make a specific revision to a passage and why, like in the following sample question: While Reading and Writing have their differences, they both call for a strong command of evidence. To improve your EBRW score a whole, you should hone this skill. Make sure you practice close reading and base your answers entirely on the text. Don’t get distracted by previous knowledge of a topic. You should be able to back up all of your answers with evidence directly from the passage if asked. As you can see from the above sample questions, you very well may be asked to do just that! #2: Study Words in Context Another similarity between Reading and Writing is that they both ask about words in context. As all of the questions are passage-based in both sections, all of the vocabulary questions require you to understand how a word is being used in context. Here’s a typical example of a vocabulary questions in the Reading section. It refers to a passage from SAT Practice Test 3. In Writing, you’ll get the passage alongside the questions so you can refer right back to a specific word or line. In the example below, #25 asks if the vocabulary word being used is the correct one. To prepare for these questions in both sections, you should make sure you understand how the meanings of words shift depending on their contexts. The words might not be especially advanced, but they often are ones that can have multiple meanings. Focus on these kinds of mid-level, multiple meaning words as you study for EBRW. Take a close look at graphs and charts to boost your EBRW score. #3: Practice Data Interpretation Questions As you read above, both sections ask you to interpret data from charts, tables, and/or graphs. These graphs will relate back to a passage. Here are examples ofdata interpretation questions from the Reading section. Since the Writing section features passages with errors, it tends to ask whether the data in a graphic is being accurately represented in its corresponding passage. If the answer’s no, it may ask you about the correct way to describe it. To prepare for Evidence-based Reading and Writing, you should practice data interpretation questions. Strengthen your skills at interpreting and describing data in graphs and charts, and keep an eye on the relationship between a passage and its corresponding graphic. Your SAT prep materials should have sample questions for you to use, and you might also practice with data interpretation questions from the Science section of ACT practice tests. #4: Read and Write Widely You just saw three specific ways that Reading and Writing questions overlap. On a more big picture level, these sections are similar because they test your understanding of the English language. By practicing reading widely and writing often, you can greatly improve your skills. As you saw, both sections select passages from various genres, mainly those that are nonfiction and argument-based. To prepare, therefore, you should practice reading not just prose, but also works from history and science. There are specific methods you can use to break down the structure of an argument or analyze an author’s word choice. When you’re not taking such an analytical approach, though, you shouldpractice reading and writing as often and possible. Over time, you'llsee gradual improvementin your reading comprehension and writing skills. #5: Be Strategic About Your Scores One final tip: remember that your final scores will be half math and half verbal. You can’t consider the Reading and Writingsections as unrelated, as your performance on both sections will affect your overall verbal score. Alsoremember that both sections contribute equally to your EBRW score. If you’re scoring consistently strong in Reading, then you might want to put more of your energy toward Writing, or vice versa. Figure out where your strengths and weaknesses lie and what question types you can study to improve your combined score. There are other important strategies you can use to study for each section individually, but these five tips are the most important ones to remember when considering the sections together as Evidence-based Reading and Writing. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! In closing, let’s review the key points you need to remember about EBRW and your SAT verbal score. Evidence-Based Reading and Writing: Final Thoughts If you take anything away from this guide, it should be this: Evidence-based Reading and Writing refers to the Reading section and Writing and Language section together. You'll get one EBRW score between 200 and 800 that makes up half of your total SAT score. Both of these sections require their own approach to prep. Reading asks about reading comprehension, while Writing asks you to be an editor and fix mistakes in grammar, organization, and punctuation. Skills and questions in both sections have some overlap, though. They’re all passage-based and emphasize command of evidence, an understanding of words in context, the ability to interpret data, and, of course, your overall English language skills. Finally, as you prep, remember that both Reading and Writing and Language factor equally into your verbal score. They’re both equally importantsections thattogether make up half of your total SAT score. What’s Next? Would you like to learn more about the Writing and Language section? Check out this guide for a full overview of the Writing section of the SAT. SAT Reading has changed a lot this year. This guide goes over the five key changes that you need to know. Do you feel like you get what the verbal sections are all about? To learn more about the Math No Calculator, check out this comprehensive guide. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Bullying and Social Deviance Essays

Bullying and Social Deviance Essays Bullying and Social Deviance Essay Bullying and Social Deviance Essay Essay Topic: Cyber Bullying The subject I have chosen resonates with me personally as I have experienced it at first hand. I besides think it is a subject that many can associate excessively. I know a batch of people have either been bullied. been the bully or witnessed it themselves. I have chosen intimidation and how it is a societal aberrance. Bullying cane be defined as the usage of power and aggression to do hurt or control another. Strong-arming itself manifest in all ages. from kids in grade school all the manner through grownup goon. I have seen it and the effects of it. no good comes from strong-arming. I besides know that while yes it can stem from some kind of favoritism it does non ever aim a certain race. sexual orientation or gender. Bullying has a immense spectrum ; those antecedently listed can be grounds why but so can your societal position. civilization or even the trade name of vesture you wear. Most of these grounds are out of anyone’s manus. people are normally born into these fortunes no 1 chooses to be a individual of colour nor do they take their gender. contrary to what some believe. I believe personally that intimidation is the worst as you are traveling through school. You are still seeking to calculate out who you are and that last thing you need is person seeking to state you that. Besides. strong-arming today is far different because now we have the cyber kingdom to see. Everything from shopping to pass oning to people abroad can be done via the web and societal media unluckily plays a important function in our lives. Now with that said. you can literally be bullied from the comfort of your ain place which should be a safe zone. You can be a mark for many grounds. organic structure image. gender and the list goes on but the inquiry is how do we halt it? How do we forestall kids from cyber intimidation? What should the penalty of this be. if any? Throughout the class we learned how different theories and positions better help us research and specify the different aberrances that people demonstrate. One of those theories that goes manus and manus with intimidation is the labeling theory and that is for obvious grounds. The labeling theory is a theory in which the regulation devising and the reactions to the regulations that are being broken ( Goode. 2011. pg. 52 ) . The manner this correlates to intimidation is fundamentally with every action there is a clear and opposite reaction. An illustration of this would be person is bullied twenty-four hours in and twenty-four hours out now they want to either hurt themselves to get away the torture or the victim wants retaliation. So now we have a reaction to the action which is the intimidation. Therefore it has a snow ball consequence of another aberrant behaviour because personal injury to either party is involved. Harmonizing to the article by Douglas Vanderbilt and Marilyn Augustyn there are a overplus of effects from being bullied. Bullying is in fact a major job for kids. There are chiseled hazard factors for intimidation that are single and societal. Beyond the immediate injury of sing strong-arming. victims are at high hazard of the ulterior physical and emotional disorders ( Vanderbilt A ; Augustyn. 2010 ) . There are multiple regulations that are broken when it comes to strong-arming. basic human rights are violated. and favoritism may even take topographic point among many issues. Strong-arming leaves important injury on people as stated from the article this is both physical and emotional. The issues that can originate from this are critical and forestalling intimidation is the key. As stated in the article every bit good. there are marks of intimidation by both the bully and the victim. Acknowledging them could be immense in protecting person and possible acquiring the toughs themse lves help every bit good. As we transition into the subject of intimidation and victimization the College of Family Physicians of Canada published an first-class article to reexamine the epidemiology. designation. and direction of intimidation and victimization among people in their primary scene. This article presents a reappraisal of intimidation and associated symptoms. a tool for measuring strong-arming engagement. and an overview of intercession and direction. With an increased consciousness and apprehension of strong-arming as a wellness job. doctors can play an instrumental function in placing people involved in intimidation and supplying them with the support needed to develop healthy relationships ( Lamb. Pepler. A ; Craig. 2009 ) If we have kids that are targeted early on in life this could hold long term effects on them so it is important they get the aid needed to develop healthy relationships. By making so we will be puting people up for success which is merely just since they were cheated from it. Although non everyone that is bullied will necessitate assist it all varies on the individual themselves and the extent of the intimidation that took topographic point. By using the labeling theory we can see how such basic regulations are broken. but what is broken is besides fixable. The job needs to be addressed in order to make that. The following theory will be the functionalist theory. Functionalism adopts a consensus paradigm: Harmony is the regulation. and a break of that harmoniousness calls for stairss to restore peace and repose. ( Goode. 2011. pg. 58 ) We can analyze what made the single become a bully. This could hold stemmed from a dysfunctional household life. possibly this individual saw their parent be bullied by the other. or a parent ( s ) bullies the kids. There is a good opportunity that bullies themselves face a confusion of issues at place that cause internal hurting and choler. as a consequence they attack others. Once we have identified this disfunction and acknowledge that there is a job we can so repair it. I believe that nine times out of 10 person doesn’t wake up and go a bully. they are taught it. Peoples are non born hating. it is something that is taught. and this peculiar wont is likely picked up at place unluckily. It has a ripple consequence. this wont is picked up at place and brought to school or the work topographic point and so on as so forth. ( Swearer. Espelage. Vaillancourt. A ; Hymel. 2010 ) This article addresses what can be done one time intimidation has occurred which is really of import. Strong-arming sometimes is non preventable and it can go on but the of import thing is one time it does what is done to rectify the issue. Making a safe work topographic point and acquisition environment is critical. Besides. saying in any clauses or work environment regulations that intimidation is non and will be tolerated. Peoples should experience safe when they are either at school or work. no 1 should hold to experience uncomfortable because this atrociousness is tolerated. This besides covers how a individual is non born a bully but created. This is a erudite behaviour. it is taught to feed on the weak and defenseless because they make easy marks. It is all a portion of the theory of strong-arming. Choose person that you know won’t put up a battle this in bend makes you experience better about yourself. superior about. If this happens in a school the kid could be threatened with detainment or even suspension. The work topographic point can hold a similar type of penalty. suspension without wage is normally adequate to halt person for being a bully. Last. the struggle theory will assist me farther explore the issue of strong-arming. In contrast to functionalism. the struggle theory sees groups with viing and colliding interesting. they see battles between and among classs. sectors. groups. an d categories in the society. with victors and also-rans ensuing from the result of these struggles ( Goode. 2011 pg. 58 ) . The struggle theory is likely one of the strongest out of the three to better place this issue. With the cyber realm playing such a polar function in our day-to-day modus operandi intimidation has become basically easier to make ( Sabella. Patchin. A ; Hinduja. 2013 ) . A individual can literally be bullied from their ain place. so where is the safe zone? Cyber intimidation is so much easier with all the societal media. Unfortunately this is the society we live in with smart phones and computing machines governing our societal life. The viing and clashing of people assailing one another is simple. The sad portion is aliens can leap upon the intimidation bandwagon and the following thing this victim knows they have tonss of people assailing them alternatively of one. Once this happens the victim can endure enormously. Not merely are they being attacked at school or work but at place and it is distributing like wild fire. This has a immense consequence on the victim’s self-este em and as antecedently discussed this could hold long term harmful effects on them. Previous research on traditional intimidation among striplings has found a comparatively consistent nexus between victimization and lower self-pride. while happening an inconsistent relationship between piquing and lower self-esteem ( Patchin A ; Hinduja. 2010 ) This is why it is of import to cognize what intimidation is. how to halt it and one time person has been victimized how to acquire them proper aid. Throughout this class we learned a figure of ways to place different aberrances. We learned out to categorise them and better research them by utilizing different constructs and theories. By using the labeling. functionalist. and conflict theory I was better equipped to research intimidation and link it as a societal aberrance. Once that was established the research articles supported the thesis. Bullying is an atrocious job that causes far more harm than good and can take to many jobs down the route. While it is an unfortunate issue it is preventable and non a lasting job. It is of import that people feel and are non victimized one time they seek aid. I know at first hand that strong-arming can make long term jobs but with the right aid and assistance it can besides be stopped. It stops with people taking base and contending for the 1s t hat can non contend for themselves. Again. people are non born hating and being barbarous it is taught so if they are taught to detest they can larn how to be sort. Mentions: Sabella. R. A. . Patchin. J. W. . A ; Hinduja. S. ( 2013 ) . Cyberbullying myths and worlds. Computers in Human Behavior. 29 ( 6 ) . 2703-2711. Vanderbilt. D. ( 2010 ) . The Effects of Bullying. Pediatricss and Child Health. 315-320. Lamb. J. . Pepler. D. J. Craig. W. ( 2009 ) . Can Fam Physician. Apr 2009 ; 55 ( 4 ) : 356–360. Swearer. S. M. Espelage. D. L. . Vaillancour. T. . Hymel. S. ( 2010 ) What Can Be Done About School Bullying? . Eduational Researcher. pg 38-47 Patchin JW. Hinduja S. Cyberbullying and self-esteem. J Sch Health. 2010 ; 80: 614-621 Goode. E. ( 2011 ) . Aberrant Behavior ( 9th ed. ) . Upper Saddle River. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Inc.

A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A - Essay Example The essay on King Abdulla Scholarships was more liberal in details since it set its focus on the consequences of the cultural interaction between the Saudi students and the Americans. The two essays presented unique challenges connected with the appropriateness of content involved. Organizing the essays involved some kind of research because much of the details were beyond my immediate experience and grasp of knowledge. In the entirety, the writing was a form of learning experience because I interacted with various sources that provided resourceful and engaging information on multiple factors that connect with the subjects of the essays. It was fulfilling to arrange these sources into logical explanations, analyses, and elaborations on healthy eating and the impact of King Abdullah Scholarships on the Saudi students. Time management was one of the challenges encountered in the process of writing these essays. A significant amount of time was spent in the reading and analysis of the information from the various sources required a depth of insight and quick processing of information in order to achieve quality essays within the right kind of time. The planning stages of the essay entailed the organization of the introduction of the subject matter in a way that would ease the understanding of the readers. I acknowledged the fact that I was not writing the essays for my own reading. They were intended for particular audiences. As such, planning involved the choice of language and the organization of sentences. Furthermore, these essays dealt with matters of general interest. Such matters can generate boredom if handled clumsily without regard to the element of beauty and creativity, which many readers seek in any piece of writing. As such, it was necessary to organize this piece of writing in a way that would enhance the understanding of the reader without placing any kind of

Empowering Other's Actions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Empowering Other's Actions - Essay Example This is done through various ways. First, it is important for leaders to clearly define and communicate the duties of every team member. Each individual play their part and the end result is seen as a contribution of the group members (Kayser, 2010). Secondly, there should be effective communication among the team members themselves and between the leaders. Thirdly, all issues should be addressed timely and directly. Finally, team members should take part in team building activities to create a good working relationship and bonding. I have been involved in several situations where I had to strengthen my team members through self-determination and promoting competence among the team members. Last semester, we were assigned a group assignment and I was appointed as the group leader. Our topic was involving and required a lot of research therefore; there was immense pressure on us to complete the task on time. It was two days to the deadline of submission, we were not yet with analyzing the data we had collected and this meant that our group could not submit the assignment on time. However, I was determined to complete the on time and we worked tirelessly with other members of the team to complete the assignment. I did all that I could to encourage the other members to put their best foot forward. We did not sleep for the two days to submission. This was stressful and we were discouraged since other groups had successfully completed their tasks. I felt like a failure as I had failed to lead the team in the right d irection towards achieving the primary goal that was to hand in the assignment on time. We all got a penalty of five points in the final grade. There are several reasons that can be this failure. First, we failed to manage our time well and failed to take into account that we had chosen a difficult assignment. Secondly, we paid too much attention on team building activities and less on actual completion of the task.

Explain Einsteins theory of relativity and its impact upon science and Essay

Explain Einsteins theory of relativity and its impact upon science and society - Essay Example He treated matter and energy as exchangeable, not distinct. In doing so, he laid the basis for controlling the release of energy from the atom. Thus, Einstein was one of the fathers of the nuclear age (Kevles, 1989). Setting out from the discoveries of the new quantum mechanics, he showed that light travels through space in a quantum form (as bundles of energy). This was clearly in contradiction to the previously accepted theory of light as a wave. In effect, Einstein revived the old corpuscular theory of light, but in an entirely different way. Here light was shown as a new kind of particle with duel nature, simultaneously displaying the properties of a particle and a wave. This startling theory made possible the retention of all the great discoveries of 19th century optics, including spectroscopes, as well as Maxwell’s equation. Einstein’s discovery of the law of equivalence of mass and energy is expressed in his famous equation E = mc2, which expresses the colossal energies locked up in the atom. This is the source of all the concentrated energy in the universe. The symbol ‘e’ represents energy (in ergs), ‘m’ stands for mass (in grams) and ‘c’ is the speed of light (in centimeters per second). The actual value of c2 is 900 billion billion. That is to say, the conversion of one gram of energy locked up in matter will produce a staggering 900 billion billion ergs. Einstein predicted that the mass of a moving object would increase at very high speeds. The discoveries of quantum mechanics demonstrated the correctness of the special theory of relativity, not only qualitatively, but quantitatively. The predictions of special relativity have been shown to correspond to the observed facts. Scientists discovered by experiment that gamma-rays could produce atomic particles, transforming the energy of light into matter. They also found that the minimum energy required to create a particle depended on its

Allocation Problem Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Allocation Problem - Research Paper Example I would, therefore, create a report on cost allocation based on certain estimations after analyzing Dell’s gross margin from income statements (Dell Financials, 2010). In Desktop PCs category, the main inputs include motherboard, processor, peripheral devices (keyboard and mouse), monitor, hard disks, DVD ROM, RAM, power supply, power buttons, speakers, outer casing, internal and external wire connectors, modem, LAN and 3D-graphics cards etc. The Desktop PCs category could be divided into departments such as purchases, component production, fitting and hardware installation, software installation, administration, inventory maintenance, after sales services (warranty expenses), wastage, breakage, pilferage etc. The costs will be allocated to each department after calculation of direct labor and direct material. Manufacturing Overheads will include indirect labor and material, while, the supporting expenses will include rentals, insurance, depreciation and amortization, advertis ing and marketing, general administrative and others etc. followed by miscellaneous expenses (Ross 2009); (Grover, 2010).

Observational Studty Survey Research Statistics Project

Observational Studty Survey Research - Statistics Project Example However, more research or more information should be provided in this area of study in an effort to come up with preventive and control measures in addition to improvement and development programs on smoking cessation and anxiety disorders. Despite the fact that smoking has been identified as one of the leading health hazards, more that 21% of the population of United States still continue with the habit of smoking. High smoking prevalence rates have been observed among people with psychiatric disorders such as anxiety. Despite this realization, researches on the correlation between smoking and anxiety continue to receive less attention among researchers in comparison to other psychiatric conditions commonly witnessed with tobacco intake. This paper with the use of already existing literature, critically examines the correlation between anxiety and tobacco and nicotine dependence/use. To achieve this, the paper is based on a survey conducted by students from Pierce College and CSUN. Following the limitations on the extent of the researches carried out on the same issue, the paper had to include other reviews in addition to the survey and borrowed information from already conducted studies (Billings and Moss, 1998). The data on the correlation between smoking and anxiety has proved to be inconsistent depending on the smoking stage of the subject being investigated. Some of the evidences from different researches are in support of the notion that anxiety increases the smoking initiation risks. This includes a research conducted by Patton on adolescents which indicates that anxiety symptoms predicted and initiated smoking experiments among peers which in the long run increased the chances of such teenagers growing up to be daily smokers (Billings and Moss, 1998). There are several factors that have been observed to influence the relationship

Barratt Developments financial report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 13000 words

Barratt Developments financial report - Essay Example The company has its operation in all parts of Britain, where it has established 27 divisions by delivering around 14,838 new homes per year. Hence, it focuses on delivering value to the shareholders (Barratt Developments Plc., 2015c). The deals that have completed during 2012 and 2013 are depicted in the figure above. The investment in equity shares decreased in 2013 as compared to 2012. This reflects that the company has failed to invest more in equity of other companies. The reason behind this failure is accumulation of cash reserve. The Help to buy scheme through which the company sell homes was 4% during 2013 (Barratt Developments Plc, 2015a). This is a new scheme, which helped the first time buyers to get homes in London at reasonable rates. The Part-exchange has also increased in 2013 as compared to 2012, which indicates towards the fact that the company is earning profit through this scheme. The number of investors has increased over the period as the company is preferred by public, who have the interest to invest in the shares (Barratt Developments Plc, 2015a). Housing market in the UK: There has been steady growth in the UK housing market due to the demand of new homes and buildings by the customers. With the increase in population, there is increase in demand for new homes (White, 2014). Impact on Barratt Development: The growth in the housing market has helped Barratt Development to earn more profit as the sale of houses increased to a great extent. The rise in sales of the company reflected strong market condition, which in turn contributed towards the development of the economy. The customers have always preferred the company for purchasing any houses as the designs of the interiors prepared by Barratt are unique. Planning regulation and Tax: The supply of the private housing is ascertained with the help of house price along with underlying determinants. In this regards, price and supply of private housing

Allocation Problem Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Allocation Problem - Research Paper Example I would, therefore, create a report on cost allocation based on certain estimations after analyzing Dell’s gross margin from income statements (Dell Financials, 2010). In Desktop PCs category, the main inputs include motherboard, processor, peripheral devices (keyboard and mouse), monitor, hard disks, DVD ROM, RAM, power supply, power buttons, speakers, outer casing, internal and external wire connectors, modem, LAN and 3D-graphics cards etc. The Desktop PCs category could be divided into departments such as purchases, component production, fitting and hardware installation, software installation, administration, inventory maintenance, after sales services (warranty expenses), wastage, breakage, pilferage etc. The costs will be allocated to each department after calculation of direct labor and direct material. Manufacturing Overheads will include indirect labor and material, while, the supporting expenses will include rentals, insurance, depreciation and amortization, advertis ing and marketing, general administrative and others etc. followed by miscellaneous expenses (Ross 2009); (Grover, 2010).

Barratt Developments financial report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 13000 words

Barratt Developments financial report - Essay Example The company has its operation in all parts of Britain, where it has established 27 divisions by delivering around 14,838 new homes per year. Hence, it focuses on delivering value to the shareholders (Barratt Developments Plc., 2015c). The deals that have completed during 2012 and 2013 are depicted in the figure above. The investment in equity shares decreased in 2013 as compared to 2012. This reflects that the company has failed to invest more in equity of other companies. The reason behind this failure is accumulation of cash reserve. The Help to buy scheme through which the company sell homes was 4% during 2013 (Barratt Developments Plc, 2015a). This is a new scheme, which helped the first time buyers to get homes in London at reasonable rates. The Part-exchange has also increased in 2013 as compared to 2012, which indicates towards the fact that the company is earning profit through this scheme. The number of investors has increased over the period as the company is preferred by public, who have the interest to invest in the shares (Barratt Developments Plc, 2015a). Housing market in the UK: There has been steady growth in the UK housing market due to the demand of new homes and buildings by the customers. With the increase in population, there is increase in demand for new homes (White, 2014). Impact on Barratt Development: The growth in the housing market has helped Barratt Development to earn more profit as the sale of houses increased to a great extent. The rise in sales of the company reflected strong market condition, which in turn contributed towards the development of the economy. The customers have always preferred the company for purchasing any houses as the designs of the interiors prepared by Barratt are unique. Planning regulation and Tax: The supply of the private housing is ascertained with the help of house price along with underlying determinants. In this regards, price and supply of private housing

Mechanical Splice of Fiber Optic Cable Essay Example for Free

Mechanical Splice of Fiber Optic Cable Essay To prepare for mechanical splicing, make sure you have a clean, dry, and well lit work area. Do all your work over a fiber- optic mat and place any scrap optical fibers in their proper container. Before you begin splicing the fiber you want to make sure you have the following tools ready; Mechanical splice assembly tool, mechanical splice, buffer and coating removal tool, optical fiber cleaning fluid, lint- free wipes, and a cleaver. Once you have all your materials together proceed with the following steps: 1. Remove the mechanical splice from its protective packaging and load the splice into the assembly tool by pressing firmly at the ends of the splice. Do not depress the raised section on the mechanical splice. 2. Strip approximately 3cm of buffer and/ or coating from the optical fiber using a stripper. 3. Clean the optical fiber by pulling the fiber through a lint- free wipe soaked in optical fiber cleaning fluid. 4. Place the optical fiber in the cleaver, to the length specified by the mechanical splice manufacturer. 5. Cleave the optical fiber. 6. If the gauge is provided, check the cleave length with the gauge. 7. Repeat steps 2 through 6 for the other fiber end to be spliced. 8. Push the other cleaved optical fiber into the other end of the mechanical splice until it stops moving. 10. Place both optical fibers in the clamping mechanisms on the opposite sides of the splicing tool, forming a modified loop in the optical fiber. 11. Pivot the splicing tool handle down until it contact s the top of the splice, then squeeze the tool handle to complete the assembly and lock the spliced ends in place. 12. Remove the optical fibers from the clamping mechanism and lift the mechanical splice from the tool.

Naval Helicopter Landing Gear Engineering Essay

Naval Helicopter Landing Gear Engineering Essay The landing gear, is a structure (or mechanism) attached to the fuselage (or the body) of the aircraft, helps the aircraft during landing, take-off and ground handling operations. The landing gear plays important role absorbing the crush (or thrust) while landing and thus ensure lower crush related injuries and material damages. For achieving this crush worthiness require optimum design of the springs of the landing gears. I have started the process of the optimum design of the landing gear mechanism through theoretical hand calculations. After I established a base design through hand calculation; I shifted to the ADAMS tool. The ADAMS tool seemed to be very powerful for achieving the optimum mechanism design solution through number of iterations. For the sake of simplicity, I have considered non-retractable type of landing gear for this study. Also, I have considered using only helical compression spring and no torsion spring for this design study. Research on Naval Helicopter Landing Gear The naval helicopters operate in much severe landing conditions compared to the commercial helicopters. Hence, while designing the naval helicopter landing gear all the necessary landing conditions should be taken care. In this section I am going to discuss about the types of landing gear and few practical examples about the usage of the landing gears. History and evolution: The first wheeled landing gear appeared in Santos-Dumonts No.14 bis on 1906 soon after the Wright brothers famous flight. Initially, the landing gear used to have bungee as shock absorbing elements. The Ford trimotor landing gear, which used rubber discs and rebound cables, was the predecessor of the modern days shock absorbing landing gear. During World War-II, the shock absorbing landing gear had developed further. Use of the spring and lever came into the landing gear system design. After the world war, the landing gear design matured further to give modern days sophisticated landing gear system. Types of Landing Gears: All of the landing gear used in helicopters can be broadly classified in three categories: Tail dragger Landing Gear: Two main gears are placed under the mid of the fuselage and one tail gear is placed under the tail of the helicopter for the tail dragger landing gear arrangement. This type of landing gears are used in older helicopters (e.g. Seahawk) Tri Cycle Landing Gear: In this configuration, there are one nose wheel and two main gears at the mid of the fuselage. Most of the modern helicopter has this landing gear configuration. Tandem Landing Gear: Large aircrafts use multiple wheels in line for each of the landing gears and this configuration is known as Tandem. Examples about the usage of the landing gears in naval helicopters: Landing Gear for Seahawk S70B: The Seahawk is an US naval aircraft manufactured by Sikorsky Aircraft in Stratford, Connecticut. Fig.1: Showing a Seahawk in operation (Image source: http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/seahawk/seahawk2.html) The chopper has energy absorbing two-wheel tail dragger type of landing gear arrangements. The landing gear design is much simpler compared to the other naval helicopters. Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight: Sea Knight is a marine transport helicopter, manufactured by Boeing Vertol. Fig.2: Showing a Sea Knight (Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USMC_CH-46.jpg) The Sea knight has tricycle type of landing gear system. Each of the landing gear has twin wheels. Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King: The Sea King is an anti-submarine amphibian helicopter manufactured by Sikorsky. It is fitted with retractable type trail dragger landing gear arrangement. MH-53E Sea Dragon: This is a three engine powered large navy helicopter designed for heavy lifting and Airborne Mine Countermeasures (AMCM). It is fitted with twin-wheel tricycle configuration of landing gear system. Development of the Landing Gear Mechanism The landing gear mechanism should be strong enough to withstand the specified stringent landing conditions of this assignment. I am planning to develop a landing gear mechanism using two double rear landing gears and a nose landing gear. All the landing gear will use helical compression springs only. Fig.3: Top view of the landing gear arrangements for the concept As the above figure shows, the concept will have the centre of gravity somewhere in between the front and the rear landing gears. Selection of the proper compression spring is the key to the success of the mechanism. Hence I have started with the hand calculation to arrive at the preliminary spring design parameters. Hand Calculation Total mass = 5126 kg Hence, Sprung mass on each spring = 1025.2 kg For zero initial velocity: Say, max. Deformation of spring =35 mm So, spring rate K = 292.9142857 N/mm For normal landing: Initial velocity of helicopter = 0.5 m/sec Spring rate k = 292.9142857 N/mm Now, using the formulae: 0.5*m*v^2=0.5*k*x^2 Max deformation of the springs =0.935414347 mm For hard landing: Initial velocity of helicopter = 3 m/sec Initial velocity of deck = 3 m/sec So, Relative velocity between the helicopter and the deck = 6 m/sec Spring rate k =292.9142857 N/mm So, Max deformation of the springs = 11.22 mm For crush landing: Initial velocity of helicopter = 15 m/sec Spring rate k = 292.9142857 N/mm So, Max deformation of the springs =28.06 mm Since, the deformation values from the hand calculation are well below 30 mm with the spring rate of 292 N/mm. So, I think it is good to go ahead with these values and check the acceleration results and vibration results by creating the ADAMS model. Developing ADAMS Model The ADAMS models of the landing gear mechanism are created by the ADAMS/View. I have come out with two ADAMS design based on the already discussed mechanism concept. The following steps are followed to create each of the ADAMS models: Unit Setting: I choose to use the units as: Length Millimeters, Mass Kg, Force Newton, Time Second, Angle Degree, and Frequency Hertz. Following consistent units are important for getting accurate results. Gravity Setting: I activated the gravity. Points: Points are the basic building block of the whole mechanism. Box: This option was used for creating the deck. Torus: All the wheels were created using the torus option. Link: The structure and the axels were created using the link options. Translational Spring Damper: This option was utilized for creating all the helical compression springs of the designs. Contact: The contact option was used for simulating the contacts between the deck and the wheels. Revolute Joint: The joints between the wheels and the axels were created using the revolute joint option of ADAMS. Translational Joint: For simulating the vertical descent speed of the helicopter and vertical speed of the deck it was required to create transitional joints between the structure and space and between deck and space. ADAMS Mechanism Design-1: Fig.4: ADAMS model of the design option-1. Fig.5: ADAMS point table for the design option-1. ADAMS Mechanism Design-2: Fig.6: ADAMS model of the design option-2 Fig.7: ADAMS point table for the design option-2 The basic difference between the design opton-1 and the design option-2 is in the height of the design. After reviewing the initial displacement results (which I will present in the next section) of the option-1, I have decided to increase the height, as for the specified test condition the structure is hitting the deck for design option-1. Result Comparison for Option-1 and Option-2: Fig.8: Deflection plot of the structure for crush landing condition The above plot is showing the comparison of the deflection of the top frame (structure connected to the fuselage), it shows that the option-1 has much higher deflection. The deflection value for the option-1 is even higher than the clearance between the structure and the deck. Means, for option-1, the structure will hit the ground for extreme condition. So, Option-2 is a better design. Testing ADAMS model in Various Landing Conditions Different landing conditions specified for this assignment is simulated in ADAMS for the design option-2. Normal landing: Here the vertical descent speed of 0.5 m/sec is applied at the translational joint between the structure and space. Result is shown below: Fig.9: Normal landing acceleration plot The result for the normal landing test for the design option-2 is showing that: the maximum acceleration is 6.8 m/sec2. Hard Landing: For the hard landing test, I applied vertical descent speed of 3m/sec at the joint between the structure and space and vertical deck speed of 3m/sec at the joint between the deck and space. Here is the result: Fig.10: Hard landing acceleration plot The above plot is showing that the maximum acceleration value for the hard landing test of the design option-2 is 19.3 m/sec2 . Crush Landing: In order to simulate the crush landing condition, I applied the vertical approach speed of 15 m/sec at the joint between the structure and space, keeping the deck stationary. The result of the crush landing test is shown below: Fig.11: Acceleration plot for the crush landing test The above plot is showing that the maximum acceleration value for the crush landing test is 206.6m/sec2. Running Vibration Analysis in ADAMS The naval helicopter will be kept in landed condition over the aircraft carrier. The aircraft carrier will be oscillating continuously under the influence of the sea waves. The purpose of the vibration analysis is to find out the resonating frequency of the landing gear mechanism under the sea oscillation. For simulating the sea wave oscillation, I created five kinetic actuators placed at the centre of each of the axels and placed one output channel at the centre of gravity of the top structure. Frequency response analysis: The frequency response analysis (FRA) shows the amplification of acceleration for each frequency values. The FRA plot for the design option-2 is shown below: Fig.12: Frequency response plot for the design option-2 The FRA plot above is showing a pick at 2.5 Hz. The pick is the resonating frequency of the landing gear mechanism. Results of the Different ADAMS Analysis Maximum acceleration for normal landing = 6.8 m/sec2. Maximum acceleration for hard landing = 19.3 m/sec2. Maximum acceleration for crush landing = 206.6 m/sec2. Resonating frequency of the mechanism = 2.5 Hz. Conclusion The conceptual design of the naval landing gear is simulated using ADAMS for the specified landing conditions. The results from the simulation are showing that the maximum acceleration values are well below the specified maximum limit for this assignment. The ADAMS vibration simulation is showing the resonating frequency for the mechanism as 2.5 Hz.